Nerves Of The Human Body | by Charles R. Whittaker
In this new edition of the late Professor Hughes's Handbook on the Nerves of the Body, the letterpress has been rewritten and enlarged, while new blocks have been made from the plates of the original edition.
| Title | Nerves Of The Human Body |
| Author | Charles R. Whittaker |
| Publisher | E. & S. Livingstone |
| Year | 1918 |
| Copyright | 1918, E. & S. Livingstone |
| Amazon | Hughes' Nerves Of The Human Body |
By Chas. R. Whittaker, F.R.C.S. (Ed.), F.R.S.E., Etc.
Senior Demonstrator Of Anatomy, Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh; Lecturer On Biology, New School Of Medicine, Edinburgh, Author of "A Manual of Surgical Anatomy," "Essentials of Surface Anatomy," Etc.
Preface To Second Edition- In this new edition of the late Professor Hughes's Handbook on the Nerves of the Body, the letterpress has been rewritten and enlarged, while new blocks have been made from the plates of the original ...
- Cranial Nerves. First Or Olfactory Nerve
- The olfactory nerve comprises (a) the olfactory filaments; (b) olfactory bulb; (c) olfactory tract; and (d) olfactory roots. Olfactory Filaments These non-medullated fibres, twenty in number, ar...
- Second Or Optic Nerve
- Along with the second pair of cranial nerves the optic chiasma and the optic tracts are described. The optic nerves are connected to the brain through the agency of the optic tracts. Optic Tracts ...
- Third Or Oculo Motor Nerve
- Deep Origin From the grey matter of the aqueduct of Sylvius (aquaeductus cerebri). Superficial Origin The nerve emerges on the medial side of the crus cerebri (cerebral peduncle) immediately ...
- Fourth Or Trochlear Nerve
- Deep Origin From the grey matter of the aqueduct of Sylvius (aquaeductus cerebri) immediately below the origin of the oculo-motor nerve. From this it passes to the anterior medullary velum where it...
- Fifth Or Trigeminal Nerve
- The trigeminal nerve has two roots, motor and sensory. Deep Origin (a) Motor; the motor nucleus is situated in the tegmental portion of the pons, on the medial side of the main sensory nucleus; ...
- Ophthalmic Division
- After furnishing a small twig to the dura mater, the ophthalmic division travels forwards in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, and enters the orbit through the medium of the sphenoidal (superio...
- Superior Maxillary Division
- After traversing the outer wall of the cavernous sinus, the superior maxillary division emerges from the middle cranial fossa by means of the foramen rotundum, and enters the spheno-maxillary (pterygo...
- Inferior Maxillary Division
- This consists of a sensory portion derived from the Gasserian (semilunar) ganglion together with the motor root of the trigeminal. The two portions pass separately through the foramen ovale, and join ...
- Ganglia Of The Trigeminal
- In addition to the Gasserian (semilunar) there are four ganglia connected with the trigeminal nerve. These are :- (a) With the Ophthalmic division-the ciliary ganglion. (b) With the Superior Max...
- Ciliary Ganglion
- Relations The ganglion occupies the back of the orbit between the lateral rectus muscle and the optic nerve. It lies in front of the ophthalmic artery. Roots The sensory or long root is deriv...
- Meckel's Ganglion
- Relations Meckel's or the spheno-palatine ganglion is found in the spheno-maxillary (pterygo-palatine) fossa. It lies immediately below the superior maxillary nerve and near to the spheno-palatine ...
- Otic Ganglion
- Relations The ganglion lies immediately below the foramen ovale, in front of the middle meningeal artery, and in close contact with the nerve to the internal pterygoid. Roots The motor fibres...
- Submaxillary Ganglion
- Relations The ganglion rests upon the hyoglossus, between the lingual nerve and Wharton's (submaxillary) duct. Roots From the lingual, chorda tympani, and the sympathetic plexus upon the faci...
- Sixth Or Abducens Nerve
- Deep Origin The dorsal part of the tegmentum of the pons, near the middle line. Superficial Origin The nerve emerges from beneath the lower border of the pons just above the lateral side of t...
- Seventh Or Facial Nerve
- Deep Origin There are two separate elements in the seventh nerve, a motor portion, the facial nerve proper, and a sensory part, the pars intermedia (nervus intermedius). They unite at the bottom of...
- Eighth Or Auditory Nerve
- The auditory nerve consists of two elements, cochlear and vestibular, the fibres of which arise in the internal ear from the spiral and vestibular ganglia respectively. Central Connections (a) C...
- Ninth Or Glosso-Pharyngeal Nerve
- Deep Origin From the dorsal nucleus, nucleus ambiguus and tractus solitarius in the floor of the fourth ventricle, at the back of the medulla. The greater number of the fibres, however, arise from ...
- Tenth Or Vagus Nerve
- Deep Origin Similar to that of the glossopharyngeal nerve, but only a few afferent fibres pass to the tractus solitarius. Superficial Origin Twelve to fifteen rootlets emerge from the medulla...
- Eleventh Or Spinal Accessory Nerve
- The spinal accessory is derived partly from the brain, and partly from the spinal cord. (A) Cerebral Portion. (1) Deep Origin The nucleus ambiguus in the medulla oblongata immediately below the ...
- Twelfth Or Hypoglossal Nerve
- Deep Origin From the grey matter of the floor of the fourth ventricle, and the antero-lateral part of the grey matter around the central canal. The hypoglossal nucleus extends from immediately abov...
- Spinal Nerves
- There are thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves. They are named according to the vertebrae in relation to which they emerge. The thirty-one pairs comprise eight cervical, twelve thoracic, five lumbar, fiv...
- Anterior Primary Divisions Of Spinal Nerves
- The anterior primary divisions are generally much larger than the posterior divisions. Each is connected, near its origin, by one or two filaments, with a ganglion of the sympathetic. With the excepti...
- Brachial Plexus
- The brachial plexus occupies the lower part of the posterior triangle of the neck and the upper part of the axilla. It is formed by the anterior primary divisions of the lower four cervical nerves tog...
- From Lateral And Medial Cords. Median Nerve
- (C. 6, 7, 8, T. 1). The nerve arises from the lateral and medial cords by two heads, the medial of which passes superficially to the third part of the axillary artery to reach its lateral side. It des...
- Thoracic Nerves
- With the exception of the first, the anterior primary divisions of the thoracic nerves do not form plexuses, but extend forwards singly under the name of intercostal nerves. The upper six are termed t...
- Lumbar Plexus
- This plexus is produced by the anterior primary divisions of the first four lumbar nerves, the first being reinforced by a communicating twig from the last thoracic. The fourth lumbar, in addition to ...
- Sacral Plexus
- The sacral plexus occupies the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity, lying on the anterior surface of the piriformis muscle and behind the pelvic fascia. It is formed by the union of the lumbo-sacral c...
- Internal Popliteal
- This is the larger of the two popliteal nerves, and passes down the middle of the popliteal space as far as the lower border of the popliteal muscle, where it becomes the posterior tibial nerve. At fi...
- Posterior Tibial
- The posterior tibial extends from the lower border of the popliteus to a point almost midway between the medial malleolus and the calcaneum. Here, beneath the medial annular ligament (lig. laciniatum)...
- Medial Plantar
- The medial is the larger of the two planters, and is closely associated with the medial plantar artery. It passes forward from under cover of the medial annular ligament and the abductor hallucis, to ...
- Lateral Plantar
- The lateral plantar accompanies the artery of the same name obliquely across the sole, under cover of the flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae). It is continued forward in the interval between the fl...
- External Popliteal
- The external popliteal, or common peroneal, rises from the bifurcation of the great sciatic in the lower part of the thigh. It passes along the lateral aspect of the popliteal space, parallel to the b...
- Anterior Tibial
- The anterior tibial runs obliquely forwards, beneath the peroneus longus, extensor longus digitorum, and extensor longus hallucis. Here it descends on the interosseus membrane as far as the ankle-join...
- Musculo-Cutaneous
- The musculo-cutaneous descends between the peroneal muscles and the extensor longus digitorum to pierce the deep fascia, as two branches, in the lower third of the leg. The two branches, the medial an...
- Sympathetic System
- The sympathetic system consists of (a) two gangliated nerve cords extending along the front of the vertebral column from the basis cranii to the coccyx; (b) several plexuses associated with the cords;...
- Superior Cervical Ganglion
- This is the largest of the sympathetic ganglia, being about one inch in length. It is fusiform in outline and lies opposite the second and third cervical vertebrae, between the internal jugular vein a...
- Middle Cervical Ganglion
- This ganglion lies over the inferior thyreoid artery, behind the carotid sheath, and opposite the cricoid cartilage. Branches (a) Central. (1) Grey rami communicantes, to the anterior primary di...
- Inferior Cervical Ganglion
- A ganglion of considerable size nestling behind the first part of the subclavian artery, and between the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib. It is incomp...
- Lumbar Portion Of Sympathetic
- The lumbar ganglia are usually four in number; they lie on the anterior surface of the bodies of the upper lumbar vertebrae, along the medial margin of the psoas, and in front of the lumbar vessels. ...
- Pelvic Portion Of Sympathetic
- This portion of the sympathetic rests upon the front of the sacrum, medial to the anterior sacral foramina. The trunks on each side are connected on the anterior surface of the coccyx by the ganglion ...
- Sympathetic Plexuses
- Cardiac Plexuses. Superficial Cardiac Plexus This plexus is situated in front of the pericardium, and beneath the concavity of the arch of the aorta. It is formed by (a) the cardiac branch from the...
- Deep Cardiac Plexus
- The deep cardiac plexus lies behind the aortic arch, slightly superior to the bifurcation of the trachea. There are two lateral halves closely connected by numerous cross branches. The right sector co...
- Coeliac Plexus
- The coeliac or solar plexus is found behind the stomach, in front to the upper part of the abdominal aorta, and between the crura of the diaphragm. Closely associated with the plexus are the two semil...
- Pelvic Plexuses
- The two hypogastric nerves ramify over the first segment of the sacrum to form the hypogastric plexus. The plexus splits into two halves which flank the rectum, each half being termed a pelvic plexus,...
