The Control Of Hunger In Health And Disease | by Anton Julius Carlson

The following pages contain a summary of the work on the stomach, with special reference to hunger and appetite, carried out in the Hull Physiological Laboratory of the University of Chicago during the last four years. We have aimed to present this digest in the light of the entire biological and clinical literature on the subject, hoping that it may encourage more intensive work on hunger and appetite control, particularly in the fields of clinical medicine and comparative physiology, as the work of the past on this problem is not commensurate with its biological, medical, and economic importance.

Title	The Control Of Hunger In Health And Disease
Author	Anton Julius Carlson
Publisher	University Of Chicago Press
Year	1916
Copyright	1916, University Of Chicago
Amazon	The Control of Hunger in Health and Disease

Preface: The complete analysis of hunger may not yield us control over the hunger mechanism, but it is at least the most promising line of attack. The scientist will concede its value to biology, and the physi...

Chapter I. The Biological Significance Of Hunger. I. Hunger In The Unicellular Animals: The complex of sensation that in man and the higher animals urges and compels to ingestion of food is called hunger and appetite. From the standpoint of the persistence of living organisms the ingesti...

II. Hunger In Plants: This general biological conception of hunger is probably as applicable to the lowest, or unicellular plants, as to the unicellular animals. But we have been unable to find any data bearing directly on...

III. Hunger In The Higher Animals: As experienced by man, the hunger urge is a more or less uncomfortable feeling of tension or pressure and pain referred to the region of the stomach. In normal persons the hunger must become exception...

IV. Hunger, Appetite, And The Ingestion Of Food: Why does this feeling of uncomfortable tension or hunger pang in the stomach induce us to take food ? The obvious reply is that we know that eating will abolish the pangs. That is, it is a matter of i...

V. "Salt Hunger": The condition referred to by physiologists as salt hunger is not ordinarily experienced by man, except as a preference for some degree of salt flavor in the diet. But this cannot be the factor that ...

Chapter II. Historical. I. Theories Of Hunger And Appetite: The theories so far advanced to explain the genesis of hunger and appetite fall into three main groups, namely, those involving the stimulation of sensory nerves mainly in the digestive tract-a periph...

Historical. I. Theories Of Hunger And Appetite. Continued: Erasmus Darwin thought that the hunger pain is due to the atonicity and absence of contractions in the empty stomach. The view that the empty stomach of normal individuals is atonic and quiescent has ...

II. Historical Steps In The Experimental Investigation Of The Hunger Mechanism: The earliest experimental work on the hunger mechanism was directed to the nerves of the stomach, namely, the vagi and the splanchnics. Sedillot, Bernard, Bidder and Schmidt, Budge, Brunner and Hensen...

Historical Steps In The Experimental Investigation Of The Hunger Mechanism. Continued: Boring, a psychologist, has recently reported a subjective analysis of the character of the hunger sensation, based on the experiences of a great number of persons. He concludes that hunger is a compl...

Chapter III. The Stomach In Hunger. I. Methods Of Investigation: Several methods are available for studying the tonus and contractions of the empty stomach both in man and experimental animals, namely: (i) direct inspection by means of a permanent opening (gastric ...

II. Movements Of The Empty Stomach In Man: The movements of the empty stomach in mammals were extensively studied by Boldyreff in dogs by means of the gastric fistula. Rubber balloons were introduced into the stomach and connected by air or wa...

II. Movements Of The Empty Stomach In Man. Continued: This ending of the contraction period in an incomplete tetanus appears to be characteristic of young and vigorous individuals. In older people the period usually ends in a single vigorous contraction ...

III. Tonus And Contractions Of The Empty Stomach In The Newborn Infant: The gastric hunger mechanism is probably inherited. At any rate, the frequency and duration of the periods of gastric hunger contractions are related to the feeding habits of the individuals or the sp...

IV. Movements Of The Empty Stomach In Dogs: The contractions of the empty stomach in dogs were recorded by means of a bromoform manometer connected with a delicate rubber balloon in the stomach. In the dogs the balloon was introduced into the s...

V. Movements Of The Rabbit's Stomach During Hunger: Rogers, working in the author's laboratory, made gastric fistulas in rabbits by opening the abdominal cavity about i inch to the left of the mid-ventral line and as close to the costal border as possi...

VI. Gastric Hunger Contractions Of The Guinea-Pig: Sixteen animals weighing from 450 to 900 gm. were studied by Dr. Helene King over periods varying from 13 to 66 days. The guinea-pig is so foreshortened that the gastrostomy operation was beset with s...

VII. Contractions Of The Partly Empty Stomach (Rumen) Of The Ruminating Animals: Like the stomach of the herbivora in general, the various divisions of the stomach in the ruminants are probably never completely empty of food. Digestion in these animals is therefore a more or less ...

VIII. Contractions Of The Empty Crop In Birds: In normal pigeons, with appetites satisfied, the crop is very much distended, and only occasional contractions of the crop can be detected by means of the balloon in the cavity (Rogers). These contrac...

IX. Contractions Of The Empty Stomach Of Amphibia And Reptilia: Observations (Patterson) were made on the bullfrog (Rana caterbiana) and the common snapping turtle (chelydra serpentina) by the balloon and the balloon X-ray method. In the turtles the balloon was in...

Chapter IV. The Stomach In Hunger. I. Relation Between Digestion Contractions Of The Filled, And Hunger Contractions Of The "Empty" Stomach: As we have seen in the case of the rabbit and the guinea-pig and the goat, the digestion contractions of the filled gradually pass into the hunger contractions of the empty or nearly empty stomach. In...

II. Origin Of The Hunger Sensation: We have now discussed in some detail the tonus and the contractions in the empty or partly empty stomach, esophagus, and intestine of man and of a number of other species of vertebrates. Do these cont...

II. Origin Of The Hunger Sensation. Part 2: The close parallel between the degree of tke stomach contractions and the intensity of the hunger sensations is further shown by the fact that the beginning of a strong contraction is frequently signa...

II. Origin Of The Hunger Sensation. Part 3: The stomach contractions give rise to the hunger sensations.-The consideration of the cause of the gastric hunger contractions will be taken up later, but the simpler question of the action of the con...

III. The Esophagus And The Cardia In Hunger. 1. Methods Of Investigation: There is some evidence in the literature of contractions of the esophagus synchronous with the periods of gastric hunger contractions. Some people refer the hunger sensation or hunger pangs, not only ...

2. Results In Man: Local Contractions And Peristalsis When the esophagus balloon is distended with a pressure of 2 to 4 cm. chloroform the esophagus usually exhibits rapid continuous contractions. These contractions ...

2. Results In Man. Continued: These esophageal contractions parallel with the gastric hunger contractions are apparently not identical with the esophageal contractions reported by Cannon and Washburn. These observers noted that th...

3. Results On Dogs: All of our dogs used in this work were provided with a gastric fistula for the introduction of the stomach balloon. The esophagus was left intact and the esophageal balloon introduced through the mout...

4. The Intestines In Hunger: Periods of active contraction of the small intestines in hunger were observed in the duodenal fistula case of Busch. Boldyreff found that the intestines (presumably both the large and small intestine)...

Chapter V. Some Accessory Phenomena Of Hunger: . Many apparently normal persons experience in hunger, besides the gnawing pressure-pain sensation in the stomach, a feeling of weakness, emptiness, headache, and sometimes even nausea. A certain de...

I. Gastric Tonus And Hunger Contractions Increase Reflex Excitability Of Central Nervous System: This is readily made out by recording the amplitude of the knee jerk (or any other motor reflex) parallel with the graphic recording of the gastric contractions. Such records show without exception a...

II. Influence Of Gastric Hunger Contractions On The Heart And On The Vasomotor Mechanism: 1. The Heart Beat During the period of strong stomach contractions the rate of the heart beat is increased. At the cessation of the contraction period the heart rate becomes slower again. The retur...

III. Salivation: When a suitable cannula is put in the Stenson's duct in man so that the rate of flow of the saliva can be measured accurately, and with a balloon in the stomach to register the gastric hunger contract...

IV. Effects On The Vasomotor Center Of Stimulation Of The Gastric Mucosa: When cold or hot water is introduced into the stomach through the tubes in quantities of 50 to 100 c.c. at a time, there is nearly always a shrinking of the arm, that is, vasoconstriction. Water at bo...

V. Feelings Of Weakness, "Emptiness," Headache, And Nausea In Hunger: 1. The Weakness Accompanying Hunger The weakness accompanying hunger is evidently of complex origin, or partly due to sensory impulses from the digestive tract, and partly to relative exhaustion in...

Chapter VI. The Relation Of Hunger To Appetite: Physiologists, psychologists, and clinicians who have devoted no special attention to the nature of hunger and appetite appear to accept the common view of the laity that the two sensations are the sa...

Chapter VII. The Sensibility Of The Gastric Mucosa: The active controversy concerning the sensibility of the visceral organs that has been going on since the time of Haller is essentially a question to what extent afferent nervous impulses from the vis...

I. Absence Of Pain Sensation From The Normal Gastric Mucosa: The sensation of pain cannot be produced from the normal gastric mucosa except by stimuli that evidently cause some destruction of cells and nerve-endings, such as strong acids, oil of mustard, absolu...

II. The Absence Of True Tactile Sensibility: Everyday experience tells us the stomach mucosa is not sensitive to touch. Pavlov states: It can hardly be doubted that under normal conditions the surface of the stomach has a certain degree of tact...

III. Gastric Temperature Sensations: In 1846 Weber suggested that the sensation of cold or warmth in the epigastrium, after drinking ice-cold or very warm water, originates in the skin of the abdomen over the stomach and not in the stoma...

III. Gastric Temperature Sensations. Continued: A third series of experiments was carried out on the author and on one assistant (Mr. B.). Three rubber tubes of suitable size were placed one inside the other so as to have three walls of rubber and ...

IV. The Sensation Of Fulness And Satiety: All who have studied the origin of the sensations of fulness and satiety seem to agree that they do not originate in the mucosa of the stomach, and our own results agree with this view. The literature...

V. Nausea Of Gastric Origin: The sensation complex of nausea and vomiting can be initiated by stimulation of nerves in the gastric mucosa; but many of the sensory elements in nausea involve mechanism outside the stomach. When nau...

VI. The Gastric Element Of Appetite: Substances like strong alcohol or acid (5 to 20 per cent HCl), mustard, pepper, etc., introduced by tube directly into the stomach in sufficient quantities, cause varying degrees of pain, accompanied ...

Chapter Vih. Hunger And Age. I. Hunger In Infants: That the young and growing individual experiences greater hunger than the adult or aged individual is common knowledge. This is an obvious biological correlation. In addition to the formation of new t...

II. Hunger In Young Dogs: The experiments on dogs were made on pups delivered by Caesarian section 8 to 14 days before term, on pups 5 weeks to 5 months of age, on young adults, and on old adults. In all cases care was taken t...

Chapter IX. Hunger In Prolonged Starvation. I. Experiments On Men: In the popular mind prolonged starvation is associated with great pain and distress, despite reliable reports to the contrary from many persons who have undertaken voluntary starvation. Such persons s...

II. The Objective Phenomena. The Hunger Contractions: Before beginning the starvation period, observations on the gastric hunger contractions of the writer were made every second or third day for three weeks. These observations were usually made in the m...

2. The Subjective Phenomena: 1. General Condition Mr. L., as well as the writer, continued in good health and in fairly good spirit throughout the starvation period. On the fourth and fifth days both men felt somewhat weak. So...

II. Results On Normal Dogs: No attempt was made to take continuous records of the motor activity of the empty stomach in the starving dogs. Observations were made for periods of 2 to 6 hours each day, beginning the seconder thir...

III. Experiments On Dogs With The Stomach Isolated From The Central Nervous System: In order to decide between these three possibilities starvation tests were made on two dogs with complete isolation of the stomach from the central nervous system by section of the vagi and the splanc...

IV. Experiments On Dogs With Pancreatic Diabetes: It is well known that men and other animals afflicted with diabetes lose weight rapidly, despite greater appetite and increased food consumption. In the last stage of diabetes in dogs the animal shows...

V. Experiments On Rabbits: Rabbits succumb to starvation much more rapidly than does man or the dog. Rogers found no indication of depression or rest in the continuous gastric hunger contractions of the starving rabbit until wi...

VI. Discussion Of Results: So far as we are aware, this is the first time that actual records have been taken of the gastric hunger contractions in man during prolonged starvation; and also the first time that the physiologists...

Chapter X. The Nervous Control Of The Hunger Mechanism: The question of the nervous control of the gastric hunger mechanism embraces several important physiological problems, none of which are as yet completely solved. 1. On the motor side we have the p...

I. Influence Of The Cerebrum: 1. Effect Of Removal Of The Cerebrum Removal of the cerebral hemispheres in the guinea-pig leads to somewhat increased gastric tonus and hunger contractions (Dr. King). In the pigeon this operation...

II. Effect Of Cerebral States (Emotional States, Intellectual Processes): In the dog the cerebral processes of joy, fear, anger, eagerness (for food), attention, etc., cause temporary inhibition of the gastric hunger contractions. This inhibition takes place by way of the s...

III. Influence Of The Lower Brain Centers (Mid-Brain Medulla) On The Gastric Hunger Contractions: The most direct and at the same time the least objectionable method of attack on this problem is the section of the extrinsic nerves to the stomach, although this operation abolishes not only all dire...

2. The Section Of Tlie Vagi: Section of both vagi in the chest was made in three dogs, and after this operation observations on the gastric hunger contractions were continued for from two weeks to three months. Observations were'...

3. Section Of Both Splanchnic And Both Vagi Nerves: Complete sections of the splanchnic and vagi nerves were made on four dogs and observations made on the gastric hunger contractions for 30 to 60 days after the operation. The sections of the splanchni...

Chapter XI. The Nervous Control Of The Hunger Mechanism. I. Inhibition From The Mouth In Man And Other Animals: Our gastric fistula man, Mr. V., offers an exceptional opportunity for studying the relations of certain conscious states, particularly those associated with foods and with eating, on the activities o...

1. Inhibition Of The Hunger Contractions Of The Empty Stomach By Stimulation Of The Gustatory End Organs In The Mouth: The substances used for stimulation were sugar (solid and in solution), quinine in weak solution, sodium chloride (solid and in solution), weak solutions of acetic and hydrochloric acids. Tests were m...

2. Inhibition Of The Tonus And The Contractions Of The Empty Stomach By Chewing Indifferent Substances: We have been unable to obtain any definite evidence of inhibition of the stomach movements by the movements of mastication when the mouth is empty. But chewing what may be called indifferent substance...

3. Inhibition Of The Tonus And The Hunger Contractions Of The Empty Stomach By Chewing Palatable Foods When Hunger And Appetite Are Present: Tests were made with all food substances palatable to Mr. V. and during all stages of gastric tonus and contractions, which imply all degrees of hunger and appetite. But most of the experiments were m...

4. Factors Involved In The Inhibition Of The Contractions Of The Empty Stomach By Palatable Foods In The Mouth: Boldyreff has reported that the contractions of the empty stomach in the dog cease during the periods of spontaneous secretion of gastric juice. We know that tasting or chewing palatable foods leads...

5. Inhibition Of The Tonus And The Hunger Contractions Of The Empty Stomach By Swallowing Movements: It has been shown by Cannon and Lieb for the dog that the movements of swallowing lead to a temporary inhibition of the tonus of the stomach. This inhibition is designated the receptive relaxation o...

6. Relation Of The Reflex Inhibition Of The Tonus And The Movements Of The Empty Stomach From The Mouth To The Sensation Of Hunger: The stimulation of the gustatory end organs in the mouth, the chewing of indifferent substances, and the tasting and chewing of palatable foods would abolish the sensations of hunger to the same degre...

II. The Influence Of Stimulation Of The Gastric Mucosa On The Hunger Contractions Of Man: The character of the periodic and continuous motor activity of the empty stomach in man and other animals has been described. It has also been shown that the contractions of the empty stomach give ris...

I. Condition Or Stimulation Of The Gastric Mucosa: The absence of food means absence of mechanical stimuli and cessation or diminution of the secretion of gastric juice, and hence a diminished acidity. Carbon dioxide may be secreted into the empty sto...

2. Condition Of The Blood, Such As The Relative Concentration Of Nutrient Substances, Tissue Metabolites, And Hormones: It is possible that the neuromuscular apparatus of the stomach is specially sensitized to slight variations in these substances. While we recognize the condition of the blood as a possible factor, it ...

3. Motor Nervous Impulses Through The Vagi: It is well known that the tonus of the stomach depends, in part, on impulses from the vagi, and that the stimulation of the peripheral end of the vagi induces strong contractions in the stomach, wheth...

4. Primary Automaticity Of The Local Neuromuscular Mechanism Of The Stomach: This can be established only by exclusion of the three other possibilities outlined above. A primarily automatic mechanism might still be influenced by the blood, by the extrinsic nerves, and by local...

The Action Of Water: Water, at body temperature, or nearly ice cold, inhibits the tonus and the hunger contractions of the stomach. The inhibition following the introduction of a glass of water (100 to 200 c.c.) directly ...

The Action Of Acids: All acids, or liquids containing acids, including normal human gastric juice, cause inhibition of the movements and the tonus of the empty stomach when introduced directly into the stomach cavity. No ...

The Action Of Alkalies: The tests were made with sodium carbonate in concentrations varying from 0.2 to 1.0 per cent, and in varying quantities. In concentrations of 0.2 per cent or less the sodium carbonate solution appears...

The Action Of Local Anesthetics: Solutions of some local anesthetics were tested with the view of determining whether the sensory nerves in the gastric mucosa play only an inhibitory rdle in the processes of gastric hunger contractio...

The Action Of Alcoholic Beverages: Tests were made with sour and sweet wines, beer, brandy, and pure alcohol (diluted). The taking of alcoholic beverages with meals is a habit with many people. It is claimed by many people that a glass...

The Action Of Carbon Dioxide And Air: The action of carbon dioxide in the cavity of the empty stomach was studied in two ways: (i) by introduction of water charged with CO,, (2) by introduction of COa gas. An excess of carbon dioxide in t...

5. Influence Of The Inhibitions From The Gastric Mucosa On The Fundamental Rhythm Of The Gastric Hunger Contractions: During the progress of this work it soon became apparent that these temporary inhibitions described above do not cut short a hunger period, but simply delay its culmination. The contractions that appe...

III. Inhibitory Reflexes From The Gastric Mucosa In Dogs And Other Animals: The work on man led to the conclusion that any substance capable of stimulating the nerve-endings in the gastric mucosa causes inhibition of the tonus and hunger contractions, and inhibition only, as ...

III. Inhibitory Reflexes From The Gastric Mucosa In Dogs And Other Animals. Continued: 4. Effect Of Section Of The Vagi Nerves And Of The Vagi And The Splanchnic Nerves When all the records are compared it appears that section of the vagi nerves alone or section of both the splanchni...

IV. Inhibitory Reflexes From The Intestinal Mucosa To The Empty Stomach: We have seen that the tonus and contractions of the empty stomach are temporarily inhibited by stimulation of nerves in the mouth, in the esophagus, and in the gastric mucosa itself. Can the tonus and...

Chapter XII. The Nervous Control Of The Hunger Mechanism. I. Inhibition Of Hunger By Smoking And By Pressure On The Abdomen: It is generally held to be true that smoking shortly before a meal leads to depression of hunger and appetite. It is also a common belief that strong pressure on the abdomen ( tightening the belt) d...

II. Influence Of Physical Exercise And External Cold On The Hunger Mechanism: So far we have been unable to initiate or augment the gastric hunger contractions in man or experimental animals by any sensory stimulation or central nervous processes. We have seen that so far as th...

I. Experimental Procedure: 1. Dogs Dogs with simple gastric fistulas were trained to run in a treadmill. When trained to run without urging or interference, records were taken of the contractions of the empty stomach so as t...

2. Results On Dogs: 1. Effects Of Running In Treadmill The initial effect on gastric tonus and hunger contractions of running in the mill is always in the direction of inhibition-usually complete inhibition-and if the...

3. Results On Man: 1. Direct Effect Of Muscular Exercise Standing or walking in situ has no effect on the gastric tonus or the hunger contractions. But running in situ promptly inhibits the hunger contractions. The d...

III. Afferent Or Sensory Paths Of The Hunger Complex And The Question Of The Cerebral "Hunger Center": 1. Role Of The Vagi The vagi nerves are the main, if not the only, afferent pathway for the gastric hunger impulses, although Luciani assumes that some of the hunger impulses from the stomach are c...

Chapter XIII. The Chemical Control Of The Hunger Mechanism. I. Analysis Of The Problem: The reader will recall from the review of the literature on hunger and appetite in chap, ii that most of the authors assume a chemical control of the hunger mechanism in the sense that starvation chan...

II. Action Of Blood Of Starving Animals On The Gastric Hunger Mfechanism Of Normal Animals: Direct transfusion from the starved donor to the normal recipient by direct union of blood vessels is not feasible, because if this is done under general anesthesia, the anesthetic itself depresses th...

III. Effects Of Blood From Diabetic Animals: Under the technique described above, 20 to 50 c.c. of blood from animals in pancreatic diabetes and showing the typical diabetic polyphagia were transfused into normal animals. The results were practi...

IV. Effect Of Hemorrhage On The Gastric Hunger Mechanism: Some of the blood conditions of starvation may be produced temporarily by excessive hemorrhage. It is recognized, of course, that hemorrhage also introduces factors not present, at least in moderate s...

V. Hunger Contractions Of The Stomach Pouch Isolated According To The Method Of Pavlov: It was hoped that simultaneous record of the contractions of the stomach pouch and of the main stomach would throw some light on the relative importance of the tonus of the vagi, the condition of the ...

VI. Action Of Epinephrin, Pituitrin, Organ Extracts, And Drugs: The fact that the gastric hunger contractions involve essentially the same motor mechanisms as the gastric digestion contractions suggests that the chemical control exerted by the blood is probably th...

Chapter XIV. Secretion Of Appetite Gastric Juice In Man. I. The Fluid Contents Of The Stomach Free From Food: The normal stomach, empty of food, always contains some fluid and mucus. The stomach is therefore, strictly speaking, never empty. This fluid in the empty stomach is made up of (i) gastric juice and m...

II. Continuous Secretion Of Gastric Juice In The Empty Stomach Of Normal Persons: Continued secretion of gastric juice in the absence of food in the alimentary tract, and in the absence of cerebral processes relating to appetite (psychic stimulation), is a well-known phenomenon i...

III. Appetite Secretion Of Gastric Juice: 1. The mere act of chewing indifferent substances attd the stimulation of nerve-endings in the mouth by substances other than those directly related to food cause no secretion of gastric juice. On thi...

Table II. Secretion Of Gastric Juice (Mr. V.) On Seeing, Smelling, And Thinking Of Food When Hungry: Time in mln. Gastric Juice in c.c. Exp. 3 Exp. 8 Exp. 12 Exp. is Exp. 30 Exp. 45 ...

IV. Gastric Secretion Induced By Tasting And Chewing Palatable Food: 1. The Secretion Rate We have records of 156 tests of the appetite secretion of Mr. V. during the 20 minutes' mastication of the noonday meal. The particular ingredients of this meal were of his ow...

V. Total Secretion Of Gastric Juice In Man On An Average Meal: As stated above, Mr. V. yields appetite gastric juice at: minimum secretion rate, 84 c.c. per hour; maximum secretion rate, 648 c.c. per hour; average secretion rate, 210 c.c. per hour. Does this furn...

Chapter XV. The Chemistry Of Human Appetite Gastric Juice. I. The Solids: The total solids of the pure gastric juice of Mr. V. vary from 0.48 gm. to 0.58 gm. per 100 ex., of which 0.34 gm. to 0.47 gm. is organic, and o.n gm. to 0.14 gm. inorganic material. The hydrochloric ...

II. Specific Gravity: The specific gravity of Mr. V.'s appetite gastric juice varies between 1,006 and 1,009 with an average of 1,007. This is the average of twenty tests on an equal number of gastric-juice samples. It wil...

III. Osmotic Concentration: The appetite gastric juice lowers the freezing-point from -0.550 C. to -0.620 C; the continuous secretion from -0.470 C. to -0.52 C; the fluid of the empty stomach from -0.210 C. to -0.410 C. The...

IV. Total Nitrogen Of The Gastric Juice: The total nitrogen was determined by the method of Kjeldahl on 9 different lots of appetite gastric juice of Mr. V. The average of all our determinations is 0.60 gm. nitrogen per 100 c.c. appetite jui...

V. Ammonia: The ammonia of the fresh gastric juice was determined by a combination of Folin's aeration and the Nessler colorimetric methods, using 1 to 5 c.c. of the juice. The ammonia cannot be determined by the...

VI. The Amino-Acids: When deductions are made for the ammonia nitrogen of the juice, the formol-titrable nitrogen of Mr. V.'s appetite gastric juice varied from 3 to 9 gm. nitrogen per 100 c.c. The gastric juice of a seco...

VII. Auto-Digestion Of The Gastric Juice: When fresh gastric juice is incubated at 380 C. the following changes take place in the proteins and the gastric mucin: 1. Practically all the ropy mucin and mucin flocculi are dissolved. 2. The...

VIII. Acidity Of Normal Gastric Juice: The acidity was determined by titration with iV/40 NaOH and using dimethyl-amino-azo-benzene and phenothalein as indicators for the free and the total acidity, respectively. During the 4 years that Mr...

IX. Total Chlorides: The total chlorides of the appetite gastric juice of Mr. V. an very constant, the minimum being 0.49 per cent and the maximun 0.56 per cent chlorine. The continuous secretion or hunger juic is more va...

X. Concentration Of Pepsin: In our tests the digestion mixture was made up of 1 c.c. gastric juice and 15 c.c. N/10 HCl. The egg albumin in the Metts tubes was coagulated in boiling water for 10 minutes. The digestion time was 2...

Chapter XVI. Hunger And Appetite In Disease. I. Analysis Of The Problem: We believe all physicians will agree that the control of hunger and appetite is a very important factor in the control of disease, and especially of chronic disorders. The physiologist is therefore as...

II. The Literature On Hunger And Appetite In Disease In Man: 1. Bulimia Abnormally intense hunger sensation has been termed bulimia. Some authors do, others do not, distinguish between bulimia and polyphagia. When distinctions are made, the term polyphagia i...

II. The Literature On Hunger And Appetite In Disease In Man. Continued: The recent studies on man by Spencer, Meyer, Rehfus, and Hawk have led them to conclude that weak alkalies (sodium bicarbonate) in the stomach hasten the emptying of the stomach by increasing the dige...

III. Condition Of The Gastric Hunger Mechanism In Disease Of Experimental Animals: 1. Pancreatic Diabetes Experimental pancreatic diabetes animals is accompanied by the excessive hunger or polyphagia diabetes melitus in man. Dr. Luckhardt studied the gastric hun contractions in t...

2. Polyphagia And Augmented Gastric Hunger Contractions In Di With Mange: A number of dogs kept in the laboratory for lo periods in the course of certain lines of investigation becai afflicted with mange. Dr. Luckhardt observed that these man dogs consumed a much greater am...

3. Hunger And Appetite In Cases Of Alcoholic Gastritis In Dogs: Dr. Luckhardt found that whiskey or strong alcohol introduced directly into the empty stomach of dogs in sufficient amount to induce marked narcosis abolishes the tonus and hunger contractions of the ...

4. Paralysis Of The Gastric Hunger Mechanism In Pneumonia, Distemper, And General Peritonitis: Dogs with well-advanced pneumonia or distemper refuse all food. Such dogs show complete atony and absence of gastric hunger contractions. This is likely the condition of the empty stomach in all acute...

5. Depression Of The Gastric Hunger Contractions In Parathyroid Tetany: Animals in parathyroid tetany show decrease or absence of desire for food in direct proportion to the severity of the tetany and cachexia symptoms. Is this refusal of food due to absence of the gastri...

6. Increase In Gastric Tonus And Hunger Contractions In Dogs After Partial Occlusion Of The Pylorus: It is well known that pyloric obstruction in m.m le.id- to variou- disturbances of the gastric-dige-tion movement-, as well as to disturbance? of the hunger sen-ation. In order to determine whether an...

IV. Experimental Investigation Of The Hunger Mechanism In Disease Of Man: 1. Absence Of Gastric Hunger Contractions In Gastritis, Tonsillitis Influenza, And Colds During the four years that Mr. V., th' gastric-fistula case, has been under observation in our laboratory ...

IV. Experimental Investigation Of The Hunger Mechanism In Disease Of Man. Continued: Fig. 35--Tracing showing the vigorous contractions of the empty stomach of a man with chronic gastric ulcer. X indicates where patient felt the so-called ulcer pains. Note the synchrony of these pai...

Chapter XVII. Hunger And Appetite In Disease. I. Action Of Bitter Tonics Action On The Hunger Mechanism: The value of bitter herbs in disease is a current popular belief, and the use of these bitters as medicine probably antedates even the medicine man of primitive human society. Today the use of bit...

II. Action On The Secretion Of Gastric Juice In Normal Men And Dogs: The literature on this subject is both considerable and conflicting. It seems pretty well established that the bitters have no action on the pepsin-hydrochloric-acid digestion itself, except possibly ...

II. Action On The Secretion Of Gastric Juice In Normal Men And Dogs. Continued: Examination of the tables shows that the bitter tonics acting either in the stomach or in the mouth are without influence on the quantity of the appetite psychic secretion. There is a suggestion of an...

In. Influence On Food Consumption And On The Gastric Juice In Experimental Cachexia: Hoppe reports that when bitters are given to sick dogs the quantity of gastric juice is increased, and the pepsin and HCl of the juice is likewise increased. No figures are presented, nor are sufficie...

IV. Action On Appetite In Clinical Cachexia: Moorhead has completed an extensive series of tests with bitt on five hospital patients with chronic cachexia and poor appeti using the method of weighing the food consumed, on the the that if the...

The Control Of Hunger In Health And Disease | by Anton Julius Carlson

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