Part I: History Of Discoveries In Photography

Preface

The opportunity offered in preparing a fourth edition of the Manual of Photography for the press, has been embraced for the purpose of making some alterations in the arrangements of the several divisi...

Chapter I. Early Researches Ox The Chemical Action Of The Solar Rays

It is instructive to trace the progress of a discovery, from the first indication of a truth, to the period of its full development, and its application to purposes of ornament or utility. The progres...

Early Researches Ox The Chemical Action Of The Solar Rays. Part 2

A statement has been made by the French, to the effect that M. Charles was in possession of a process by which portraits could be obtained by the agency of sunlight, producing a dark impression upon a...

Early Researches Ox The Chemical Action Of The Solar Rays. Part 3

Nothing but a method of preventing the unshaded parts of the delineations from being coloured by exposure to the day, is wanting to render this process as useful as it is elegant. An experiment ...

Chapter II. Heliography. The Process Of M. Niepce

M. Niepce was the first inquirer who appears to have produced permanent pictures by the influence of the sun's rays. This process—Heliography—is in many respects peculiar, which renders it necessary, ...

Heliography. The Process Of M. Niepce. Continued

In one of these trials the light acted in such a way that the varnish was removed in proportion to the intensity with which the light had acted, and the picture exhibited a more marked gradation of ...

Chapter III. Mr. H. Fox Talbot's Photogenic Drawings, Calotype, Etc. Section I. Photogenic Drawing

On the 31st of January, 1839, six months prior to the publication of M. Daguerre's process, Mr. Fox Talbot communicated to the Royal Society his photographic discoveries, and in February he gave to th...

Section II. The Calotype

Although, in order of date, the investigations of Sir John Herschel and others have a priority over those particular experiments of Mr. Talbot's which resulted in the discovery of his very beautiful p...

Section II. The Calotype. Continued

Numerous improvements have been introduced, but still physical difficulties, such as those which he has indicated, surround the photographic processes, and even where M. Biot has proved wrong in his c...

Section III. Improvements In Calotype

Such is the term employed by Mr. Talbot, and these improvements consist of the following particulars, constituting that gentleman's second claim. 1. Removing the yellowish tint which is occasioned ...

Section IV. Pictures On Porcelain Tablets

A third patent has been obtained by Mr. Talbot, mainly involving the use of porcelain as a substitute for glass, and contains some useful facts noticed by Mr. Malone. The first part of the patentee...

Section V. Instantaneous Process

The next invention and patent of Mr. Fox Talbot possesses many peculiarities, and as the results are of a remarkable character, it is important that the process should be given uncurtailed in its main...

Chapter IV. Daguerreotype. The Discovery Of M. Daguerre. Section I. The Original Process Of Daguerre

It has been already stated that Niepce and Daguerre having by accident discovered they were prosecuting experiments of the same kind, entered into a partnership. On the 5th Dec, 1829, Niepce communica...

The Original Process Of Daguerre. Part 2

Second Operation It is necessary for this operation, which is really the most important of all, that a box, similar to figs. 4 and 5, be provided. Figure 4 represents a section, supposed to pass do...

The Original Process Of Daguerre. Part 3

Fourth Operation The apparatus required in this operation is represented by fig. 10. a, is the lid of the box; b, a black board with grooves to receive the plate; c, cup containing a little mercury...

Section II. Improvements In Daguerreotype

It was announced that the inventor of the Daguerreotype had succeeded in improving the sensibility of his plates to such an extent, as to render an instantaneous exposure sufficient for the production...

Chapter V. The Photographic Processes Ox Paper Of Sir John Herschel

The researches of Sir John Herschel have been principally directed to the investigation of the physical laws which regulate the chemical changes we have been considering. His analyses of the prismatic...

Section I. Cyanotype

The processes in which cyanogen is employed are so called :— Sir John Herschel makes the following remarks on the subject of his experiments with the cyanides :— I shall conclude this part of my ...

Section I. Cyanotype. Continued

In further development of these most interesting processes Sir John Herschel says:— The varieties of cyanotype processes seem to be innumerable, but that which I shall now describe deserves particula...

Section II. Chrysotype

A process of an analogous character to that which has just been described, and in which the chloride of gold is an agent, must be next described : this was discovered at the same time as the cyanotype...

Section III. Photographic Properties Of Mercury

As an agent in the daguerreotype process, it is not, strictly speaking, photographically affected. It operates there only in virtue of its readiness to amalgamate with silver properly prepared to re...

Section IV. Ferro Tartrate Of Silver

Extending his inquiries still further into these very remarkable changes, the following process presented itself to Sir J. Herschel, which is in many respects remarkable. If nitrate of silver, spec...

Section V. The Amphitype

The following very remarkable process was communicated by Sir John Herschel, at the meeting of the British Association at York. The process cannot be regarded as perfect, but from its beauty when succ...

Section VI. The Colouring Matter Of Flowers

The results obtained by Sir John Herschel on the colouring juices of flowers are too remarkable to be omitted in a treatise in which it is desirable that every point should be registered up to the dat...

Section VI. The Colouring Matter Of Flowers. Part 2

It must then be dried as quickly as possible over a stove, or in a current of warm air; avoiding, however, such heat as may injure the tint. The presence of alcohol prevents the solution of the gummy ...

Section VI. The Colouring Matter Of Flowers. Part 3

A mezzotinto picture was now pressed on a glazed frame over another portion of the same paper, and abandoned on the upper shelf of a green-house to whatever sun might occur from August 19 to October...

Chapter VI. Miscellaneous Processes. Section I. Mr. Ponton's Process. (Bichromate Of Potash)

Under the general term of the Chromatype, I would propose to include all those processes which involve the use of any of the salts of chromium. It was originally introduced to distinguish a particular...

Section II. The Chromatype

This process, devised by the author, is a pleasing one in its results: it is exceedingly simple in its manipulatory details, and produces very charming positive pictures by the first application. The ...

Section III. The Ferrotype

This process, which is of remarkable sensibility, was discovered by the author, and published in the Athenœum, under the name of the Energiatype; but from a desire to group all those pictures under a ...

Section IV. The Catalysotype

This process of Dr. Wood's is capable of producing pictures of superior excellence. Owing to the inconstancy of the iodine compounds, it is a little uncertain, but, care being taken to insure the same...

Section V. Ferrocyanide Of Potassium

At the meeting of the British Association at Plymouth in 1841, I first directed attention to the use of the ferrocyanide of potassium in combination with the iodide of silver. The process resulting fr...

Section VI. The Fluorotype

So called from the introduction of the salts of fluoric acid, consists of the following process of manipulation :— J Bromide of potassium, 20 grains. ( Distilled water ... 1 fluid ounce. Fluo...

Section VI. Bromide Of Silver And Mercurial Vapour

In my first publication on this subject, in Griffin's Scientific Miscellany, I introduced the following process, which, although it has never yet been properly worked out, involves many points of inte...

Section VII. Positive Photographs By One Process

About the same time Mr. Talbot, Sir John Herschel, Dr. Fife, and myself, discovered the very remarkable property of the iodides in bleaching the darkened salts of silver. Many very beautiful results m...

Section VIII. On The Application Of The Daguerreotype To Paper

The expense and inconvenience of metallic tablets rendered it in the highest degree desirable that paper should be employed in their place. A very extensive series of experiments at length led to the ...

Section IX. Salts Of Gold As Photographic Agents

It is well known that gold is revived from its ethereal solution by the action of light, and that the same effect takes place when the nitro-muriate of gold is spread on charcoal. We are mainly indebt...

Section X. The Influence Of Chlorine And Iodine In Rendering Some Kinds Of Wood Sensitive To Llght

Having on many occasions subjected the simply nitrated photographic paper to the influence of chlorine and iodine in close wooden boxes, I was often struck with the sudden change which light produced ...

Chapter VII. Photographs Ox Glass Plates, And Recent Improvements. Section I. Precipitates Of Silver Salts

To Sir John Herschel we are indebted for the first use of glass plates to receive sensitive photographic films. The interest which attaches to this is so great, and there appear to be in the proces...

Section II. Albumen

In the Technologiste for 1848, M. Niepce de Saint-Victor published his mode of applying albumen to glass plates. M. Blanquart Everard followed, and successively albumen, gelatine, and serum were emplo...

Section III. Collodion

The successful application of a solution of gun-cotton in ether, to form the film for receiving the sensitive surface on glass, has been claimed respectively by Mr. Fry and Mr. Archer. There is some d...

Chapter VIII. Portraiture By The Daguerreotype

When Daguerre published his process, a period of twenty minutes was required to obtain a good copy of any external object: hence this period was far too long to admit of its being employed for portrai...

Chapter IX. General Summary Of The History Of Photography

It is thought that it may prove of some interest to append the following table, compiled with much care for the British Association, by the author, and printed by that body in their Reports for 1850, ...

Part II: Scientific Investigations On Photography

Chapter I. General Remarks On The Solar Agency Producing Chemical Change

Previously to explaining the practice of photography, to which a separate division is given, it appears important that the physical conditions of the elements with which we have to work should be unde...

General Remarks On The Solar Agency Producing Chemical Change. Continued

The chemical influences of the prismatic rays vary as their heating powers, but in the contrary direction. If we place a piece of photographic paper in such a position that the spectrum falls upon ...

Chapter II. Chemical Changes On Sensitive Preparations. Section I. Nitrate Of Silver

It is of some moment to the photographic artist that he is acquainted with the changes which occur in the several agents which he employs. A few of these are therefore selected. 1. The crystallised...

Section II. Chemical Changes On Sensitive Preparations Of Chloride Of Silver

For the formation of the chloride of silver, any of the following salts may be added to a solution of nitrate of silver:— The above salts are only necessary for the purpose of giving a variety of c...

Section III. Chemical Changes On Sensitive Preparations Of Iodide Of Silver

If iodide of silver is precipitated by mixing together solutions of iodide of potassium and nitrate of silver in a concentrated state, a heavy yellow powder falls, which will scarcely change in colour...

Section IV. Chemical Changes On Sensitive Preparations Of Bromide Of Silver

In many of the works on chemistry, it is stated that the chloride is the most sensitive to light of all the salts of silver ; and, when they are exposed in a perfectly formed and pure state to solar i...

Section V. Chemical Changes On Sensitive Preparations Of Miscellaneous Salts Of Silver

Fluoride Of Silver The use of this salt appears to have been first suggested by Sir John Herschel ; it forms the basis of a process by the author, already described. It has lately been claimed as a...

Chapter III. The Theory Of The Daguerreotype

Numerous speculations having been ventured as to the peculiar chemical changes which light produces on the iodidated silver tablets, I shall make no apology for introducing a few remarks on this very ...

The Theory Of The Daguerreotype. Part 2

Prepared plates were exposed to diffused light in the shade, and others were exposed to the direct rays of the sun ; the object being in both cases the production of a more intense impression than t...

The Theory Of The Daguerreotype. Part 3

* I shall hereafter call the mixed vapours of iodine and bromine produced in the way described in the last paragraph but one, mixed vapour, in order to avoid circumlocution.— G. S. From these ...

The Theory Of The Daguerreotype. Part 4

Perhaps the most valuable practical application of these facts is in the use of the same plate for receiving several impressions. When, on taking the portrait or picture of any object liable to move...

The Theory Of The Daguerreotype. Part 5

The phenomenon of the continuing action of the red, orange, or yellow rays, on the simple compound of iodide of silver, was discovered by M. Ed. Becquerel ; and soon after M. Gaudin found, that not on...

The Theory Of The Daguerreotype. Part 6

In the course of my experiments I noticed a curious fact, which proved very puzzling to me, until I succeeded in assigning a cause to it. I shall mention it here, because it may lead to some further...

Chapter IV. On The Photographic Registration Of Philosophical Instruments. Section I. Photographic Registration

On The Photographic Registration Of Philosophical Instruments And The Means Of Determining The Variations Of Actinic Power, And For Experiments On The Chemical Focus. There are so many advantages a...

Section II. Instruments For Measuring Actinic Variations, Etc

The Photographometer M. Claudet has devised the Photographometer and the Dynactinometer for measuring the intensity of the actinic radiations. These are both most ingenious instruments, the operati...

Section II. Instruments For Measuring Actinic Variations, Etc. Continued

The instrument is made to move by applying the hand on a handle fixed on the back at the extremity of the axis on which the disc revolves. An operator accustomed to count seconds by memory, or by foll...

Chapter V. Thermography

Since the curious nature of the results obtained, as I believe, by heat radiations, have been supposed by some to belong to the same class of phenomena as those we have particularly under consideratio...

Thermography. Continued

7. A silvered copper plate was now tried with a moderate warmth. Mercurial vapours brought out good images of the gold and copper; the silver marked, but not well defined. 8. Having repeated the ab...

Chapter VI. On The Possibility Of Producing Photographs In Their Natural Colours

Few speculations are more replete with interest than that of the probability of our succeeding in the production of photographic images in their local colours. M. Biot, a great authority, says,— Sub...

Chapter VII. On Lenses For The Photographic Camera

It is to the photographic artist, a matter of considerable moment that he understands the principles upon which his instruments are constructed. It has, therefore, been thought advisable to add a shor...

On Lenses For The Photographic Camera. Part 2

If we take such a lens as we have been describing, and stop its centre with a blackened disc, leaving only a small portion of the edge for the light to pass through, and throw its image on a screen, w...

On Lenses For The Photographic Camera. Part 3

*Scientific Memoirs, vol. iii., p. 535. We commonly hear of a lens being slow or quick ; this is purely accidental, arising entirely from the uncertainty in which all our optical instrument-makers ...

Part III: Practice Of Photography

Chapter I. Selection Of Paper For Photographic Purposes

It is natural to suppose, that a process which involves the most delicate chemical changes requires more than ordinary care in the selection of the substance upon which preparations of a photographic ...

Selection Of Paper For Photographic Purposes. Part 2

Resin soap is largely employed as a size. The soap is applied to the bibulous paper, and then decomposed by an acid water, leaving a fine film of resin spread upon the surface, susceptible of the high...

Selection Of Paper For Photographic Purposes. Part 3

Having been informed that the paper-makers are in the habit of bleaching their papers with sulphur and sulphites, I have submitted a considerable quantity of the browned papers to careful examination....

Chapter II. On The Apparatus Necessary For The First Practice Of Photography On Paper

The most simple method of obtaining sun-pictures, is that of placing the object to be copied on a sheet of prepared paper, pressing it close by a piece of glass, and exposing the arrangement to sunshi...

On The Apparatus Necessary For The First Practice Of Photography On Paper. Continued

A great number of experiments should be made with the copying frame before there is any attempt at using the camera obscura. The Camera Obscura, or Dark Chamber, was the invention of Baptista Porta...

Chapter III. On The Modes Of Manipulation Adopted In The Preparation Of Sensitive Papers

The only apparatus required by the photographic artist for the preparation of his papers, are—some very soft sponge brushes and large camel hair pencils (no metal should be employed in mounting the br...

Section I. Nitrate Of Silver

The most simple kind of photographic paper which is prepared with the silver salts is that washed with the nitrate of silver only; and for many purposes it answers well, particularly for copying lace ...

Section II. Chloride Of Silver

This is one of the most important salts employed in photography ; it therefore demands especial attention. Muriated Papers, as they are termed, are formed by producing a chloride of silver on their...

Section III. Iodide Of Silver

This salt was employed very early by Talbot, Herschel, and others, and it enters as the principal agent into Mr. Talbot's calotype process. Paper is washed with a solution of the iodide of potassium, ...

Chapter IV. Ox Fixing The Photographic Pictures

The power of destroying the susceptibility of a photographic agent to the farther action of light, when the picture is completed by its influence, is absolutely necessary for the perfection of the art...

Ox Fixing The Photographic Pictures. Part 2

To use the hyposulphite of soda with effect, there are several precautions necessary. In the first place, all the free nitrate of silver must be dissolved out of the paper by well washing. The photogr...

Ox Fixing The Photographic Pictures. Part 3

Fixing by means of the bromide of potassium is not so durable, because it does not remove any of the materials used in preparing the paper. It may, nevertheless, be of great use in travelling, and w...

Chapter V. Section I. The Calotype As Now Practised, And Its Modifications

In the historical section, the description of the calotype, as published by Mr. Fox Talbot, is given. Mr. Henry Fox Talbot, during 1852, made the country a free gift of all his patents, reserving only...

Section I. The Calotype As Now Practised, And Its Modifications. Part 2

9. The application of this gallo-nitrate to the paper is a matter of some nicety. It will be found best to apply it in the following manner:—Pour out the solution upon a clean slab of plate-glass, d...

Section I. The Calotype As Now Practised, And Its Modifications. Part 3

17. Some paper is to be met with, containing traces of bleaching chlorides, which does not require any previous preparation ; but in general it will be found necessary to prepare the paper by slightly...

Section I. The Calotype As Now Practised, And Its Modifications. Part 4

Blanquart Everard, Sagnez, and some others, have recommended that in the preparation of the highly sensitive photographic papers no brushes should be employed. They pursue the following plan : the sol...

Section I. The Calotype As Now Practised, And Its Modifications. Part 5

Prepare the following solution :— Take nitrate of silver 2 1/2 drachms ; acetic-acid 4 1/2 drachms ; distilled water 3 1/2 ounces : mix and dissolve. Now take four of the glasses of the pa...

Section I. The Calotype As Now Practised, And Its Modifications. Part 6

Solution of gallic acid for developing—a saturated solution. Solution of hyposulphite of soda, of the strength of 1 part of the salt to from 6 to 8 parts of water. For both the wet and dry proce...

Section I. The Calotype As Now Practised, And Its Modifications. Part 7

I have read, says Sir J. F. W. Herschel, with considerable interest the remarks of Sir W. J. Newton, On Photography in its Artistic view, etc., communicated to the Photographic Society, and by th...

Section II. Calotype Process On Gelatine Or Albumen

The use of organic matter in facilitating the change of the silver salts very early engaged the attention of Sir John Herschel; and from time to time, following his suggestions, others have employed v...

Section II. Calotype Process On Gelatine Or Albumen. Continued

Make about a pint bottle of saturated solution of gallic acid, having acid in excess, and using distilled water ; decant a portion into a smaller bottle for general use, and fill up the other bottle ;...

Section III. Calotype Process On Waxed Paper

The most successful operators with waxed paper have been M. Le Gray on the Continent, and Mr. Fenton in England. In a work lately published by Le Gray, he has entered into the question of the physical...

Chapter VI. The Daguerreotype. Section I. Daguerre's Improved Manipulation

In the first division of this work, all the details of the original processes are given with considerable minuteness, and the vignette heading to that section exhibits all the apparatus required for e...

Section II. Polishing The Plate

Upon this subject but little remains to be added to what is stated in Daguerre's earliest form of manipulation, and the few-remarks just quoted. It is of the utmost importance that a very perfect m...

Section III. To Give The Sensitive Surface To The Plate

Various compounds, called accelerating liquors, have been introduced, in all of which we have combinations in various proportions of either bromine and iodine, or chlorine and iodine, and sometimes of...

Section III. To Give The Sensitive Surface To The Plate. Part 2

Few men have done more for photography than M. Fizeau, and in nearly all his suggestions he has been exceedingly happy: the bromine water thus prepared is used with the best effect by our most eminent...

Section III. To Give The Sensitive Surface To The Plate. Part 3

* I call this substance bromide of lime, although there is a difficulty as to the composition of bleaching powder, and which would also apply to the compounds I describe. Some chemists regard the chl...

Section IV. To Develope The Image Formed On The Plate

The plate, prepared by one of the methods directed, has been placed in the camera, and the image impressed upon it—attention being given to the points especially alluded to in the chapter General Re...

Section V. Fixing The Daguerreotype Image

It has already been stated that the solution of hyposulphite of soda is the most effective agent for removing all the unchanged iodide of silver, after the application of, and the development of the i...

Section VI. Sunplification Of The Daguerreotype

The following experiments for the sunplification of the daguerreotype processes, were made by me many years since ; I have therefore retained such portions of the original paper as do not appear to be...

Chapter VII. The Collodion Process

With the advance of this beautiful art, there appears to be a progressively increasing desire to produce more artistic results; and improvements are constantly being introduced. Collodion, as the f...

The Collodion Process. Part 2

To Iodize The Collodion Mr. Archer's method is as follows ; and I believe no better course can be pursued. Prepare a saturated solution of iodide of potassium in alcohol, say 1 oz., and add to i...

The Collodion Process. Part 3

Distilled water...... 1 ounce. Dissolve and filter. The quantity of this fluid necessary to be made must depend upon the form of trough to be used, whether horizontal or vertical, and also upon ...

The Collodion Process. Part 4

2d To 1 oz. of collodion add 2 grains of iodide of ammonium. This will give very beautiful gradation in the half-tones, but not so vigorous a picture as the first. 3d In 8 drachms of pure alc...

The Collodion Process. Part 5

Protosulphate of iron, which I first introduced as a photographic agent in 1840, may be employed instead of the pyrogallic acid with much advantage. The beautiful collodion portraits obtained by Mr. T...

The Collodion Process. Part 6

6th The time of exposure can only be ascertained by practice, no rules can be laid down, and I am unacquainted with any royal road but that of experience, leading to constant success in this most i...

The Collodion Process. Part 7

It is very singular that the picture can be alternately changed from a white positive to a black negative many times in succession, and very often with improvement. Thus, by the above process, a mo...

The Collodion Process. Part 8

When, from experience, the picture is sufficiently brought out, a little water is poured on the glass to wash off the developing solution, and the drawing is partially fixed by the application of a s...

The Collodion Process. Part 9

It has been proposed to use the bromide, instead of iodide of silver, in collodion. The most successful operator with the bromodized collodion appears to have been M. Laborde, who communicated the ...

Chapter VIII. The Use Of Albumen On Glass Plates. Section I. Albumen On Glass

In the Technologist for 1848, M. Niepce de Saint Victor published his mode of applying albumen to glass plates. M. Blan-quart Everard followed; and successively albumen, gelatine, serum, and other ani...

Section II. Mr. Malone's Process

Some very ingenious experiments have been made by Mr. Malone, from whose communication the following remarks are quoted :- To the white of an egg its own bulk of water is to be added; the mixture...

Section III. M. Martin's Process

Mr. Mayall published a form of process, employed by M. Martin, which differs in no essential particular from those already described ; but as involving some niceties of manipulation, on which, the wri...

Section IV. Miscellaneous Modified Processes

Several other preparations have been employed, with variable success, and recommended for procuring an absorbent film upon glass plates—amongst others, the serum of milk has been used by M. Blanquart ...

Section V. Positive Photographs From Etchings On Glass Plates

A very easy method of producing any number of positive photographs from an original design is in the power of every one having some slight artistic talent. The merit of having suggested the process I ...

Chapter IX. On The Production Of Positive Photographs By The Use Of The Salts Of Iodine

A very short time after the publication of Mr. Talbot's processes, which I anxiously repeated with various modifications, I discovered a singular property in the iodide of potassium (hydrio-date of po...

The Use Of The Salts Of Iodine. Part 2

The kind of paper on which the silver is spread is an object of much importance. A paper known to stationers as satin post, double-glazed, bearing the mark of J. Whatman, Turkey Mill, is decidedly sup...

The Use Of The Salts Of Iodine. Part 3

For drawings by application, less care is required than for the camera obscura. With a very soft flat brush apply the solution on both sides of the prepared paper, until it appears equally absorbed; p...

The Use Of The Salts Of Iodine. Part 4

The picture is formed of iodide of silver in its light parts, and oxide of silver in its shadows. As the yellow salt darkens under the influence of light, it parts with its iodine, which immediately a...

The Use Of The Salts Of Iodine. Part 5

Before quitting this branch of the art, it will be interesting to examine the modifications which have been introduced by some continental inquirers. M. Lassaigne, who has claimed priority in the u...

Chapter X. General Remarks On The Use Of The Camera Obscura. The Photographic Pentagraph

These remarks will apply with equal force to all the processes by which views of external objects can be obtained; but they have more especial reference to those highly sensitive ones, the Daguerreoty...

Section I. Buildings, Statues, Landscapes, And Foliage

The great defect in nearly all the photographic pictures which are obtained is the extreme contrast between the high lights and the shadows, and in many an entire absence of the middle tones of the pi...

Section II. Portraits From The Life

It is important for the production of a correct likeness that as small an aperture as possible should be used. By doing this there is great loss of light, and consequently the necessarily prolonged ti...

Section III. Photographic Pentagraph

In a letter to Sir John Herschel, which was published in the Athenæum, Mr. Stewart directed attention to a means by which photographs could be readily enlarged. The plan had been in operation amongst ...

Chapter XI. The Stereoscope

From the interest which this very interesting optical instrument has excited, and the very intimate relation which exists between it and photography, since it is only practical to produce images suite...

The Stereoscope. Part 2

The lenticular instrument, fitted for use, is shown in figure 85; it consists of a frame of wood or metal: the two semi-lenses are fixed in brass tubes, which are capable of being adjusted to accommod...

The Stereoscope. Part 3

The following notes on the stereoscope were communicated by Professor Wheatstone to the Photographic Society :— The most perfect and generally useful form of the stereoscope is that with reflecti...

Chapter XII. Photographic Engraving

Mr. Fox Talbot has, since the publication of the former edition of this treatise, published some account of his experiment to etch on steel the impression produced by the solar rays. He thus describes...

Photographic Engraving. Continued

For this purpose I must remark, in the first place, that if a piece of black gauze or crape is the object selected for representation, it produces an engraving of itself which is marvellously accura...

Appendix

The following correspondence, important in the history of photography, appeared in the Times newspaper of August 13,1852 :— the photographic patent right. We have been requested to publish the foll...

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