Glass And Glass Manufacture | by Percival Marson

Gives comprehensive information on technologies of manufacturing glass and glassware, with all techniques, materials and workmanship included.

Title	Glass And Glass Manufacture
Author	Percival Marson
Publisher	Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd
Year	1922
Copyright	1922, Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd
Amazon	Glass and Glass Manufacture

By Percival Marson, consultant upon refractory materials, etc., honours and medallist in glass manufacture

Chapter I. History: The discovery of making glass is attributed to the early Phoenicians. Pliny states that certain mariners who had a cargo of sada salt, having landed on the banks of a river in Palestine, started a fir...

Chapter II. The Chemistry Of Glassmaking And The Materials Used: The term glass, in a general sense, is applied to the hard, brittle, non-crystalline, transparent, opaque or translucent vitreous substance which results from fusing silicic acid with active minera...

The Chemistry Of Glassmaking And The Materials Used. Part 2: Boric Acid Boric Acid acts as an acid in glass, as does silicic acid. It renders glass more fusible and brilliant; it has a searching action upon the colourising properties of certain metallic oxid...

The Chemistry Of Glassmaking And The Materials Used. Part 3: Cullet In all glasses a proportion of cullet, or broken glass scrap, is used. This cullet is usually of the same composition as the glass mixture or batch. The use of cullet facilitates the me...

Chapter III. The Chemical And Physical Properties Of Glass: The main essential and peculiar property of glass is its transparency. When subjected to a gradually increasing temperature, glass becomes softened, and whilst hot it is plastic, ductile, and malleabl...

The Chemical And Physical Properties Of Glass. Continued: Hydrofluoric acid attacks all silicate glasses, liberating silicon fluoride. Use is made of this acid reaction in decorating glasswares in Etching, by exposing the surface of glass to the fumes of ...

Chapter IV. The Composition Of The Different Kinds Of Glass: The composition of glasses may be simple, compound, or complex, according to the number of bases or acids which may be present in the mixture. The Simple Types Of Glass The Simple types of glass...

Chapter V. Coloured Glass: In colouring glass, either or several of the following colorific oxides may be used. They are added to the batch before fusion. Varying proportions are added, according to the depth of the colour desi...

Artificial Gems: In the manufacture of the glasses for imitation paste jewels, every effort is made to procure pure materials and colorific oxides. The base for making artificial gems is a very heavy lead crystal ...

Chapter VI. Decolorizers: Decolorizers are the agents employed by the glass maker to neutralise or subdue the objectionable tints given by the colouring action of small traces of iron oxide, which exists as an impurity present...

Chapter VII. The Refractory Materials Used: Of the greatest importance to the glass manufacturer are the refractory materials upon which the life of his furnace and pots depends. A few notes giving a description of them and dealing with the man...

The Refractory Materials Used. Continued: In making the blocks for the furnaces the workman takes a portion of the prepared clay and tramps the plastic mass into a wooden frame, or mould, the shape and size of the block required, with due all...

Chapter VIII. Glass House Furnaces: The pots within which the raw materials are melted are set within a strongly heated chamber called the glass furnace. The old circular type of English furnace usually contains six or twelve pots and w...

Glass House Furnaces. Part 2: In the old type of English furnace containing twelve pots, each 38 in. diameter and holding about 15 cwts. of metal, the furnace would be capable of melting 7 to 8 tons of glass a week, taking 40 tons...

Glass House Furnaces. Part 3: The Hermansen furnace, like the Siemens furnace, is producer gas-fired. The gas producer is built within the body of the furnace, (P) below the glass house floor. On either side of this gas producer t...

Chapter IX. Glass-Melting Pots And Their Manufacture: Glass house pots are large hollow vessels made of refractory fire-clay in which the glass manufacturer melts the materials of which his glass is composed, and which retain the molten metal whilst in a...

Glass-Melting Pots And Their Manufacture. Part 2: In some instances, as in the Hermansen furnace, the pots are oval or egg-shaped. These are used on account of their larger capacity in relation to the space occupied in the furnace. Other pots have an...

Glass-Melting Pots And Their Manufacture. Part 3: Strong fire-clays are those coarser and harder grained, and are usually more silicious and less plastic than the mild fire-clays. Mild fire-clays are very fine-grained, plastic, and easily weathered c...

Chapter X. Lehrs And Annealing: Owing to the peculiar structure of glass, and its liability to fly or collapse when exposed to sudden changes of temperature, a process of annealing becomes necessary in order to produce a more equal ...

Chapter XI. The Manipulation Of Glass Glass Makers' Tools And Machines: The tools used by the glass blowers are few and simple. The greater part of the crude form is produced by blowing out the hot glass into a spherical or pear-shaped bulb and regulating the size and thi...

The Glass Blower's Tools: The glass maker's chief tool is the blow-iron. This is a tube of iron J to 1J in. wide and about 4 to 5 ft. long, one end of which is shaped or drawn in so as to be convenient for holding to the lips,...

Making A Wine-Glass: The manipulations in the manufacture of a wine-glass will now be described. A common mule wine-glass is formed from three distinct pieces of glass: (a) the bowl; (b) the leg; (c) the foot. A wine ...

Making A Wine-Glass. Continued: Many articles of glassware are formed with the aid of moulds. Take as an illustration the manufacture of tumblers and honey pots. A quantity of glass is gathered on the blow-iron, marvered, and blown ...

Chapter XII. Crown, Sheet, And Plate Glass: The glass used in windows may be either crown, sheet, or plate. Crown Glass# is made in the form of circular flat discs about 4 ft. in diameter. The workman, by repeated gatherings, collects suffic...

Chapter XIII. Tube, Cane, And Chemical Glassware: Laboratory and chemical glassware consists of thin blown ware in the form of flasks, beakers, test tubes, etc., used in chemical operations. Most of these goods are blown in hinged moulds mechanically...

Tube, Cane, And Chemical Glassware. Continued: If a spiral form of lines is desired, the workmen, whilst drawing out the cane, turn or twist the pontil and post in contrary directions. These rotations cause the opal veins or threads to assume a sp...

Chapter XIV. Optical Glass: The manufacture of optical glass forms a very important section of the glass industry, and presents some of the most difficult problems the glass maker has to deal with. It is in this section of the g...

Chapter XV. Decorated Glassware: Certain methods of decorating glass are carried out whilst the glass is being made by the workmen. Other methods consist in decorating the glass after it has been made, such as cutting, fluting, etchi...

Decorated Glassware. Continued: Glassware for engraving and intaglio may be made much lighter than that required for cutting. Etching# is a method of decorating glass by the chemical action of hydrofluoric acid. This acid in its ...

Chapter XVI. English And Foreign Methods Of Glass Manufacture Compared: The continental methods of glassmaking differ so much from the English methods that a few remarks giving comparisons will be of interest. It is noticeable that chemical and engineering science is more...

Appendix: Journals And Books For Reference American Pottery Gazette. (New York, U.S.A.) Boswell's Memoir on Sands Suitable for Glassmaking. (Longmans, Green & Co., London.) Pottery Gazette. (...