The Homologies Of The Human Skeleton | by Holmes Coote
The following gives a brief account of the signification of the different bones composing the human skeleton, and to familiarise the mind of the Student in Anatomy with the idea that the whole body is formed of a succession of vertebral segments. The book is unsuited to those who have not previously rendered themselves well versed in elementary Osteology by the careful examination of the different bones, and by the attentive perusal of some of those excellent systems of Anatomy
| Title | The Homologies Of The Human Skeleton |
| Author | Holmes Coote |
| Publisher | Samuel Highley |
| Year | 1849 |
| Copyright | 1849, Samuel Highley |
| Amazon | The Homologies of the Human Skeleton |
By Holmes Coote, Fellow Of The Royal College Of Surgeons Of England, And Demonstrator Of Anatomy At St. Bartholomew's Hospital.
Printed by Iliffe "Wilson, Middle Yard, Great Queen Street.
Preface- In the following pages I have endeavoured to give a brief account of the signification of the different bones composing the human skeleton, and to familiarise the mind of the Student in Anatomy with t...
- Introduction
- Whoever would become a good Anatomist must spare neither time nor labour in the study of Osteology. There is no bone, nor part of a bone, which does not mean more than is implied by the vague and ofte...
- Division Of The Animal Kingdom Into Vertebrata And Invertebrata
- A division of the Animal Kingdom, founded upon the presence or the absence of a vertebral column, was first taught publicly by Lamarck, Professor of Natural History at the Musée in Paris, in the eight...
- Necessity Of Comparing The Vertebral Segments In Different Classes Of Animals
- Although the signification of a part or organ cannot be properly understood without careful comparison with other parts or organs, by means of which its true place in nature can be determined; yet the...
- Discovery Of The Vertebrate Structure Of The Skull
- The Baron Cuvier* at first inclined to a belief in the existence of these cranial vertebrae; but subsequently, and from no very clear reason, he expressed an opposite opinion, to which he adhered for ...
- Definition Of The Term "Skeleton," Exo And Endo-Skeleton
- The term skeleton ( to dry,) is applied to the assemblage of those parts which, though not extra-vascular, as was once supposed, are yet sufficiently hard and dense to retain, in the dried state, som...
- Definition Of The Terms "Archetype," "Homologue," "Analogue"
- An archetype endo-skeleton means that perfect model in which is arranged a succession of the vertebral segments, with their various processes, foramina, and appendages. Although, of course, no true ty...
- What Is A Vertebra ?
- It is commonly described, in anatomical works, as one of a series of bones, which, by their superposition, constitute the solid central framework of the trunk, the vertebral column. Each vertebra is s...
- Vertebral Appendage
- The simplest instance of a vertebral appendage is seen in that flat process in the skeleton of birds, which, coalesced with the posterior border of the ribs, extends backwards and upwards, and overlap...
- Difficulties In Determining The Number Of Bones Contained In The Human Skeleton
- An accurate enumeration of the different pieces which constitute the human skeleton is not so easy a task as might first appear; for bones that were distinct in the foetus coalesce with age, whilst ot...
- Vertebral Segments
- It is far more important to know that ten vertebrae are concerned in the formation of the pelvis and coccyx, than that this Anatomist counted 260, and that one 197 bones in the entire skeleton. It is ...
- The Human Skeleton
- The Human Skeleton is composed of thirty-seven or thirty-eight vertebrae, and of appendages, which include the upper and lower extremities. There are 4 cranial vertebrae; the nasal; the frontal; th...
- Cervical Vertebra
- The centrum, or body, is elongated transversely, and of oval form : it is thick anteriorly, where a process, or spine (haemal), dips downwards in front of the vertebra which succeeds it; the upper sur...
- Dorsal Vertebrae
- The dorsal vertebrae are twelve in number: the neural canal, formed as in the cervical region, contains the corresponding segments of the myelon; the haemal canal is completed by the ribs (pleura-poph...
- Lumbar Vertebrae
- The lumbar vertebras, five in number, are broad and solid, for the support of the superincumbent weight. The different elements which enter into their composition are less distinct than in the dorsal ...
- Sacral Vertebrae
- The five vertebras composing the sacrum form a triangular and anteriorly concave piece, perforated on either side, both in front and behind, by four foramina, for the transmission of the anterior and ...
- Coccygeal Vertebra
- The four or five coccygeal bones curve forwards from the inferior extremity of the pelvis. They are reduced to little more than the central element of a vertebra. The first piece is attached to the la...
- The Human Cranium
- The Human Cranium is composed of four vertebrae, with neural and haemal arches and appendages. The four neural arches surround the four primary subdivisions of the encephalon, namely, the cerebellum, ...
- Cranial Vertebra
- The piece termed occipital bone represents the centrum and the neural arch of the occipital, or the first cranial vertebra; the haemal arch is completed by the triangular scapulae (pleurapophyses), ...
- Occipital Vertebra
- The basi-occipital, a part of the basilar process of the occipital bone, is developed as a distinct piece from the basi-sphenoid in front, and from the ex-occipitals on either side. Superiorly it is...
- Coraco-Scapular Arch
- The haemal arch is formed by the scapulas (pleur-apophyses) and by the coracoid processes (hasmapo-physes) : there is no connecting hsemal spine, the shoulders with the upper extremities being thrown ...
- Parietal Vertebra
- The clavicles are the haemapophyses of the atlas : the haemal spine is confluent with the constricted centrum : the pleurapophyses are short and stunted. Let their homologues in the echidna or in bird...
- Temporal Bone
- The temporal bone of human anatomy is composed of the transverse process, or parapophysis of the parietal vertebra (the mastoid bone or process), of an appendage of the haemal arch of the nasal vert...
- Styloid Process And Os Hyoides
- The styloid process, with its ligament (pleurapo-physis), extends from the mastoid process (para-pophysis) to the lesser cornua of the os hyoides (haemapophyses). The haemal arch is completed by the b...
- Frontal Vertebra
- The centrum of the frontal vertebra is represented by that primitively distinct portion of the sphenoid-bone, termed presphenoid; which, including the processus olivaris, lies anterior to the pituitar...
- The Inferior Maxilla
- The inferior maxilla, or the mandible, represents the haemapophyses and the haemal spine. The two halves of which it is composed become very soon confluent in the human subject, but remain longer dist...
- Nasal Vertebra
- Three circumstances combine to render the study of the human nasal vertebra more difficult than that of the preceding. Firstly, it is retracted under the projecting frontal bone, or expanded spine of ...
- Vomer, Ethmoid, And Palate Bones
- The pleurapophyses (palate bones) articulate above with the ossa plana of the ethmoid, or the neurapophyses of their own vertebral segment. Projecting downwards, they terminate in a rough tuberosity, ...
- Relation Of The Cranial Vertebrae To The Segments Of The Encephalon
- The squamosal appendage, inseparably coalesced with the other elements composing the temporal bone, commences anteriorly by a thin pedicle (zygomatic process) which articulates with the malar. It assi...
- The Serial Homologies Of The Vertebral Column
- The Serial Homologies of the Vertebral Column.—In tracing the variations of form and relative size to which the centrum of a vertebráis subject, we may commence with the human coccyx; where the pieces...
- Occipital Condyles
- The basi-sphenoid soon coalesces with the pre-sphenoid, which is developed from a distinct point of ossification between the rings of bone forming, in the foetus, the optic foramina. The descending pt...
- Neural Arches
- The neural arches of the coccygeal vertebrae in man are always incomplete. The neurapophyses of the first piece terminate in articulating processes, which in many instances coalesce with the sacrum: t...
- Introduction Of Temporal Bone Into Cranial Cavity
- The neural arch of the parietal vertebra is formed by the alisphenoids (abe majores, sph. bone), (neurapophyses) and parietals (divided neural spine). The former are developed from points of ossificat...
- Haemal Arches
- The haemal arch is absent in the human coccyx; but it exists in the tails of many animals, where it is composed of haemapophyses and a haemal spine, the former slightly displaced, so as to articulate ...
- Necessity Of Studying Homology In Reference To Muscular Insertion
- The erector spinas is composed of two planes of longitudinal fibres, aggregated together, below, to form one mass at their point of origin, from the spines and posterior surface of the sacrum, from th...
- The Extremities
- The simplest form of a diverging appendage is seen in the thorax of birds, from whose pleurapophyses, or ribs, there extend backwards short flat plates of bone, which overlap the external surface of t...
- Law Of Disappearance Of The Digits Of The Hand And Foot In The Vertebrate Series
- The five digits of the foot, in man, supported by their metatarsal bones, correspond with the digits of the hand. The great toe, which supports the chief weight of the body, has, like the thumb, two p...
- Recognition Of The Homotypes Of The Upper And Lower Extremities
- Each is composed of four grand sections: the-first is formed principally by one large bone j this is the scapular portion (portio scapularis) in the upper limb, and the iliac portion (portio iliaca)...
- Cuvier's Objections
- The ill-disguised contempt with which Cuvier regarded these opinions may be exemplified by the following passage, taken from his Lectures on Comparative Anatomy: If the ossa ilii have any relation wi...
- Arrangement Of The Corresponding Bones Of The Upper And Lower Extremities
- A correct interpretation of the assemblage of bones forming the upper and the lower extremities depends in main part upon the determination of the true meaning of the scapulae, clavicles, and the bone...
- The Humerus
- The os humeri in man is an elongated cylindrical bone, surmounted superiorly by a convex head, directed obliquely upwards, inwards, and backwards, and separated from the shaft by a constricted neck. A...
- Reason For Twisted Appearance Of The Humerus
- The longitudinal measurement of the humerus seems to be in direct relation with the length of the metacarpal bones. In animals supplied with a cannon bone,' it is covered by integument as far as the ...
- The Ulna
- The ulna, thicker at its humeral than at its carpal extremity, receives the pulley-like surface of the os humeri into a concavity, the greater sigmoid cavity, which is prolonged posteriorly by a rough...
- The Radius
- The objection which Cuvier raised to attempting the establishment of strict homologies between the bones of the thoracic and pelvic extremities, namely, that the articulation of the leg upon the thig...
- Carpus And Digits
- The carpal bones are usually described as eight in number, namely, scaphoides, semilunare, cuneiforme, pisiforme, trapezium, trapezoides, magnum, and unciforme. But the os scaphoides is composed of tw...
- The Femur
- The os femoris, the longest bone in the human skeleton, is the homotype of the os humeri. Of cylindrical form, it is surmounted by a convex head, directed obliquely upwards, inwards, and a little forw...
- Olecranon And Fibella
- As Cuvier remarked, the length of the os femoris depends in general, in most classes of animals, upon the length of the metatarsus. In the horse it is much shorter than in the lion, where, instead of ...
- The Tibia
- The tibia, the homotype of the radius, presents a broad and expanded head at its proximal extremity, where it is marked by two shallow depressions which receive the condyles of the femur. The shaft of...
- The Fibula
- The fibula is of irregularly triangular shape, and presents three surfaces, and three borders. To the inner border, or ridge, is attached the interosseous membrane, the fibres of which pursue a precis...
- Tarsal Bones
- The typical number of the tarsal bones corresponds with that noticed in the carpus. The seven bones described in the human tarsus represent ten primitively distinct ossicles. The single piece, called ...
