Human Physiology For The Use Of Elementary Schools | by Charles Alfred Lee

This book introduces instruction in anatomy and physiology into popular education

Title	Human Physiology For The Use Of Elementary Schools
Author	Charles Alfred Lee
Publisher	Lippincott, Grambo & Co.
Year	1854
Copyright	Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1854
Amazon	H uman Physiology, for the Use of Elementary Schools

Preface To The Second Edition: In presenting to the public the present stereotype edition of this work, it is proper to state, that no labor or expense has been spared to render it still more worthy of the kind approbation with whi...

Chapter I. Definition. Organic And Inorganic Bodies: 1. Physiology is the science of life, or that branch of knowledge which explains the uses of the various organs of living beings. Vegetable physiology treats of the functions of plants ; and Compar...

Definition. Organic And Inorganic Bodies. Continued: 14. This power of resisting the mechanical and chemical laws of matter, is shown by the faculty which animal bodies possess of maintaining the same degree of temperature, amid the great changes from h...

Chapter II. Division Of The Animal Kingdom: 1. Cuvier has divided animals into four great groups. 1. The vertebral. 2. The molluscous. 3. The articulated. 4. The radiated. The three last are destitute of vertebrae, or a connected series of bone...

Chapter III. Structure Of The Human Body: 1. The human body is composed of solids and fluids. These terms, however, are merely relative. There is no fluid which does not contain some solid matter in solution ; and no solid however dense, whic...

Structure Of The Human Body. Part 2: 10. In health, the spaces between these lines are filled with a thin exhalation of a watery nature, which serves to keep the tissue always soft and moist. This is composed of the thinner part of the b...

Structure Of The Human Body. Part 3: 16. The mucous coat is the seat of some of the most important functions of the economy ; in the lungs, of respiration ; in the stomach, of digestion; and in the mouth and nose, of taste and smell, etc...

Structure Of The Human Body. Part 4: 25. The Cutis vera, or true shin, is the innermost of the four layers above mentioned. It is a firm stratum of dense fibres intersecting each other in every direction, and having holes for the passage...

Chapter IV. Structure Of The Human Body Continued: 1. Another form of cellular structure is called fibrous, from the arrangement of its component parts, which consist of longitudinal fibres, plainly visible to the naked eye, placed parallel to each ot...

Structure Of The Human Body Continued. Part 2: 10.-The osseous fabric.-The osseous or bony tissue is another form of cellular matter. The bones constitute the hardest and the most solid parts of the whole system, and are the principal parts that g...

Structure Of The Human Body Continued. Part 3: 18. Chemical examination shows that bone is composed of earthy and animal matter, the former constituting about two thirds, the remaining one third being animal matter. As we find portions of both the...

Structure Of The Human Body Continued. Part 4: 26. The muscular fibres are every where penetrated by cellular tissue and numerous blood vessels and nerves. The colour of the muscle of course varies, according to the quantity and quality of the blo...

Chapter V. Chemistry Of The Human Body. Ultimate And Organic Elements: 1. By the chemical composition of the body, is meant those ultimate elements of which it is made ; such as oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and azote. By the organic composition, we mean the proximate elemen...

Chapter VI. The Human Skeleton: 1. Of all the wonderful works of the great Architect, none hears such convincing proofs of divine wisdom and goodness as the mechanism of the human body. Every part, down to the minutest fibre or bloo...

The Human Skeleton. Part 2: 12. It has been truly remarked that the foundation of the Eddystone light house, the perfection of human architecture and ingenuity, is not formed on principles so correct, as those which have directe...

The Human Skeleton. Part 3: a, a, the coronal, suture, from the Latin corona, crown, so called from its situation on that part of the head, upon which the ancients placed the laurel, or olive crown, given to the victors in their...

The Human Skeleton. Part 4: 26. In order to accomplish these various purposes, the back bone, so called, is composed of twenty four distinct bones, or vertebra, from vertere, to turn, as the body turns on them, which are arrange...

The Human Skeleton. Part 5: 32. Every one who has paid the least attention to physiology, is aware that a certain degree of exercise is as necessary to the growth and strength of the body, and of every part of it, as nourishment...

The Human Skeleton. Part 6: 39. Sternum Between the forward ends of the ribs, directly in front of the chest, lies the sternum, or breastbone. It is light and spongy, depending chiefly for its strength on the numerous ligamen...

The Human Skeleton. Part 7: 47. In the fore arm we find two kinds of motion, one at the elbow, backward and forward, and also a rotary motion, by which the palm is turned upward or downward, as occasion requires. These motions a...

The Human Skeleton. Part 8: 53. The leg below the knee, is composed of two bones, tibia and fibula, of a three cornered or angular shape, like these of the fore arm ; and the design no doubt is, to form a pillar of greater stren...

Chapter VII. Properties Of Animal Bodies: 1. There are various properties which distinguish living from dead animal matter. Both, in common, possess certain physical properties, such as weight, extensibility, flexibility, etc. ; but living ma...

Properties Of Animal Bodies. Part 2: 18. When certain muscles are deprived of this power of contracting, they are said to be paralyzed, or the limb is called paralytic. When they have it in excess, they are in a state of spasm, or convul...

Properties Of Animal Bodies. Part 3: 31. Many of the animal tissues are indebted for their physical properties to the water they imbibe. If they are deprived of this water, they are unable to perform their proper office and function, unt...

Chapter VIII. Relation Of Animal Bodies To Heat, Light, And Electricity: 1. The relations which animal bodies have to heat, light, and electricity, are highly interesting, and worthy of particular notice. To a certain extent, all animal bodies have the power of regulating ...

Chapter IX. The Nervous System. The Brain, Spinal Marrow, And Nerves: 1. There is no subject, which falls within the range of physiological enquiry, more interesting or more important, than that of the nervous system. It is this which furnishes the material instrument o...

The Nervous System. The Brain, Spinal Marrow, And Nerves. Part 2: 11. The cerebellum or little brain, is situated at the base and back part of the skull, and in weight it is only about one eighth or ninth part of that of the cerebrum. Like the large brain, it is div...

The Nervous System. The Brain, Spinal Marrow, And Nerves. Part 3: 22. It is a curious fact connected with this subject, that though the brain is the real seat of the sensation, yet it is always referred to the part or organ, on which the impression is made, so that ...

Chapter X. Intellectual And Moral Faculties: 1. The great superiority of the intellectual faculties of man over those of other animals, has led to a diligent examination, whether there be any thing in his anatomical structure which would seem to...

Intellectual And Moral Faculties. Part 2: 9. In like manner is the heart affected by the exciting and depressing passions. It throbs irregularly under the influence of fear and terror; it beats high and strong under the influence of joy; whil...

Intellectual And Moral Faculties. Part 3: 17. But he has gifts of infinitely higher value. In the fidelity and tenacity with which impressions are retained in his memory ; in the facility and strength with which they are associated ; in gras...

Chapter XI. The Spinal Marrow And Its Functions: 1. We have seen, that of all animals, the brain of man has the greatest development, in proportion to the spinal marrow and nerves ; if we descend to the lower animals, such as reptiles and fishes, we...

The Spinal Marrow And Its Functions. Continued: 8. The spinal cord then serves to connect the brain, which is the common centre of sensation and voluntary motion, with all the sensible parts of the body, and with the muscles, the instruments of mot...

Chapter XII. The Nerves And Their Functions: 1. In describing the nerves and their functions, it will be necessary to classify them, or to reduce them to such arrangement, as the present state of our knowledge on the subject will admit. The foll...

The Nerves And Their Functions. Part 2: 9. The ninth pair arise from the pyramidal bodies, and passing through holes in the occipital bone, proceed forwards towards the angle of the jaw, by the side of the hyoid bone of the tongue, and are ...

The Nerves And Their Functions. Part 3: 18. The influence of this order of nerves in the expression of the passions, is strikingly depicted in Sir Charles Bell's Treatise on the Nervous System. In terror, he remarks, we can readily con...

Chapter XIII. The Five Senses.-Sense Of Touch: 1. A sensation is the perception of an impression made on some organ. By our sensations we receive a knowledge of what is passing within or without the body. They are accordingly divided into internal...

The Five Senses.-Sense Of Touch. Part 2: 9. The property of touch belongs to every part of the body, though the hand is considered as its special organ. The great number of bones of which it is composed, make it susceptible of every variety ...

The Five Senses.-Sense Of Touch. Part 3: 16. In insects, the antenna or feelers, are the organs of touch. These are of a great variety of forms, very flexible; and constantly in motion, when the insect is walking. If the feelers of an insect...

Chapter XIV. Sense Of Taste: 1. The sense of taste is allied to that of smell and touch, as it requires the immediate contact of the body with the organ where the sense resides. The quality of bodies, which it teaches us, is call...

Sense Of Taste. Part 2: 7. Savours, like odours, are innumerable, and as they dif fer so much from each other, it is impossible to classify them in any satisfactory manner. We can readily understand what is meant by the term...

Sense Of Taste. Part 3: 13. The sense of taste is most delicate in youth. It is much impaired by the use of alcoholic drinks, tobacco, and highly seasoned food ; so that the spirit drinker, the tobacco chewer, and the epicur...

Chapter XV. The Sense Of Smell: 1. The sense of smell takes cognizance of the odorous properties of bodies. The seat, or organ, is the mucous membrane, which lines the nasal cavities, and is called the schneiderian, or pituitary mem...

The Sense Of Smell. Part 2: 8. Odours differ very much as to the permanence of the impression which they produce. While that of some is very transient, in others the scent remains for hours after the application of the substance...

The Sense Of Smell. Part 3: * Dunglison's Physiology. 14. A singular custom, which prevails among shepherds in some countries, shows that the sheep is more under the guidance of smell than sight or any of the other senses. ...

Chapter XVI. The Sense Of Sight: 1. This is the most refined and admirable of all our senses. By it especially we hold converse with the external world ; and without it, we should not only be deprived of a large portion of the pleasu...

The Sense Of Sight. Part 2: * Retina, a net. 7. The minuteness with which objects are painted on the retina is indeed wonderful. Standing on an eminence, the eye takes in a landscape of hundreds of miles in extent; and all th...

The Sense Of Sight. Part 3: 13. The iris then, regulates the quantity of light passing through the pupil. The pupil during sleep is in an intermediate state ; in inflammation of the brain it is generally contracted ; but when th...

The Sense Of Sight. Part 4: 19. Besides this, the aqueous humour probably aids in adjusting the eye to different distances. As the lens lies immediately behind it, it is evident that, when the quantity of fluid is increased, it ...

The Sense Of Sight. Part 5: 24. Now let us take a concave lens, and see what effect that will have on the light. A, a solid oblong piece of glass; a, a, a stream of light which strikes the surface of the glass b, c, and w...

The Sense Of Sight. Part 6: 30. It follows then, that the eye itself does not see ; it is only an instrument employed by the brain, or rather the mind, whose servant the brain is. The optic nerve is the channel by which the mind...

The Sense Of Sight. Part 7: 36. The lowest order of animals have no organs of vision, or if so, they have never been detected. Many insects have two kinds of eyes, one kind on each side of the head, and the other on the top, in ...

The Sense Of Sight. Part 8: 41. Defences And Appendages Of The Eye These are the orbit, the eyebrows, the eyelashes, the eyelids, and the lachrymal apparatus. The orbit is a four sided vault, composed of seven bones, and shap...

The Sense Of Sight. Part 9: 49. The eye lashes, or cilia, also aid in the protection of the eye. They ward off insects, protect the eye from particles floating in the air, and also break the intensity of light. Indeed, when mois...

Chapter XVII. The Sense Of Hearing: 1. Through the sense of hearing, we obtain a knowledge of the peculiar vibrations of sonorous bodies, which constitute sounds. The organ of hearing is very compiica cated, like that of sight, and the ...

The Sense Of Hearing. Part 2: 7 Eustachian Tube.-I have stated that this tube leads from the drum into the mouth, and serves for the introduction of air into the internal ear. The necessity of such a contrivance is obvious from th...

The Sense Of Hearing. Part 3: 12. Now in distinguishing low sounds, the drum head is supposed to be put upon the stretch, chiefly by the aid of one little muscle, called tensor tympani, which is attached to the malleus, and the ce...

The Sense Of Hearing. Part 4: 18. The transmission of sound is affected materially by the condition of the atmosphere, with respect to temperature, moisture, etc. During the night, when the air is still, and of uniform density and...

Chapter XVIII. Respiration: 1. By Respiration, is meant the process of taking air into the lungs and throwing it out again. Inspiration is the act of drawing the air in ; expiration, that of forcing it out. Respiration is essent...

Respiration. Part 2: 9. The third division of our subject embraces the respiratory organs, or the lungs. These are of a spongy texture and conical shape, and fill the cavity of the chest, being composed chiefly of blood v...

Respiration. Part 3: 14. Thus we see that the lungs and all their complicated machinery of bones, ligaments, muscles and cartilages, were formed for the sake of these little air cells ; for it is through their agency that...

Respiration. Part 4: 21. The quantity of oxygen consumed by a man in a minute, is about 30 cubic inches. He breathes 20 times in a minute ; and every time he breathes, takes into his lungs 15 cubic inches of atmospheric a...

Chapter XIX. The Circulation Of The Blood: 1. That the blood is constantly circulating throughout the human body, was unknown till Harvey made the discovery, two hundred years ago. Before this time, air was supposed to circulate through the ar...

The Circulation Of The Blood. Part 2: 11. The arteries are the vessels into which the blood is immediately propelled by the action of the heart, and which distribute it to all the parts of the body. The pulmonary artery or the artery of t...

The Circulation Of The Blood. Part 3: 19. When a limb is amputated by a surgeon, he only ties the arteries. The reason is, that as these convey the blood from the heart, the patient would soon bleed to death unless some means were adopted...

The Circulation Of The Blood. Part 4: 29. Dr. Barry states, that the quicker the blood circulates the sooner will the machine wear out. Now, suppose that the pulse of a temperate man be seventy in a minute, and by the use of ardent spirit...

The Circulation Of The Blood. Part 5: 40. The capillary vessels are the last part of the body that continues to act. After the breathing and the action of the heart have ceased, they still continue to act like innumerable little pumps, dr...

Chapter XX. Nutritive Functions.-Digestion: 1. Digestion, absorption, secretion, and nutrition constitute what are called the nutritive functions. Digestion is that process by which the food is brought into a state in which it may be taken up b...

Nutritive Functions.-Digestion. Part 2: The above cut represents the whole tract of the intestinal canal, not exactly in its natural position, but spread out so as to show the relative proportions ; f, the aesophagus; g, cardia; h, pylorus;...

Nutritive Functions.-Digestion. Part 3: 20. The time which is required to change food into chyme, varies according to the nature of the food. Animal food is digested sooner than vegetable. The average time required, is about three hours and...

Chapter XXI. Secretion: 1. Secretion is one of the most obscure and mysterious functions in the animal economy. To secrete means to sepa rate ; but most of the fluids formed by this process, did not previously exist in the b...

Chapter XXII. Absorption: 1. Absorption is another function of the animal body, immediately connected with nutrition. By it is meant that process by which food and drinks, designed for the nourishment and growth of the body, a...

Chapter XXIII. Nutrition: 1. Nutrition may be considered as the completion of the functions of digestion. It is that process by which the waste of the organs is repaired, and by which their development and growth are maintaine...

Chapter XXIV. Animal Heat: 1. Calorification, is a function of animal bodies, not yet thoroughly understood. We see certain phenomena, but the causes are hidden from our view. It is very doubtful whether we shall ever be able t...

Animal Heat. Continued: 13. It may be concluded then, that respiration, circulation, and nervous influence, all co operate in producing animal heat, or that they are conditions essential to this phenomenon. We here also perc...

Chapter XXV. The Voice: 1. The voice is a sound produced in the larynx, or windpipe, by the passage of air, either to or from the lungs. It is generally caused in the act of respiration, and its seat is the larynx, which for...

The Voice. Continued: 14. The strength of the voice depends on the extent of the vibrations, of course on the size of the larynx, and partly also on the fores with which the air is sent from the lungs. Thus the voice of me...

Chapter XXVI. Locomotion And Its Organs: 1. Man is distinguished from the vegetable world, not only by his possessing a nervous system, organs of sense, and voice, but also by the power of locomotion, or moving from place to place. This powe...

Locomotion And Its Organs. Continued: 14. We see that it requires a long time for children to learn to walk securely. The reason is, that the base of support for the body is small; being only the space between the feet and that on which t...

Chapter XXVII. The Teeth: 1. As the teeth are the only bones in the human frame which are exposed to the immediate action of foreign bodies,, they merit distinct and special consideration in this treatise on the General Physio...

Chapter XXVIII. Sleep And Death: 1. Sleep is the periodical and temporary suspension of those functions that connect us with the external world. Man is so constituted, that the functions of sensibility, voluntary motion, and the inte...