Landmarks And Surface Markings Of The Human Body | by Louis Bathe Rawling
A complete listing of features, Landmarks And Surface Markings is presented in this book with relevant images and depictions for easy reference. These images are also marked and numbered.
| Title | Landmarks And Surface Markings Of The Human Body |
| Author | Louis Bathe Rawling |
| Publisher | The Macmillan Company Of Canada, Ltd. |
| Year | 1920 |
| Copyright | 1920, The Macmillan Company Of Canada, Ltd. |
| Amazon | Landmarks and Surface Markings of the Human Body |
By L. Bathe Rawling, M.B., B.C. (Cant.), F.R.C.S. Surgeon, Senior Demonstrator of Operative Surgery, late Senior Demonstrator of Anatomy, St. Bartholomew's Hospital; Examiner in Surgery at Cambridge University
Preface To The Sixth Reprint Of The Fifth Edition- During the War the Fifth Edition was reprinted five times. Now that the War is over one is tempted to reconstruct, to enlarge the scope of this work. But many reasons have decided me to refrain. Land...
- Chapter I. The Head And Neck
- Cranio-Cerebral Topography Only those surface markings will be given which are of practical value, and, as far as possible, each landmark will be rendered independent of any other, as by such means...
- The Rolandic Fissure
- Take a point 1/2 inch behind the centre of a line drawn across the vertex of the skull from the nasion to the inion, and from this point draw a line downwards and forwards for 3 1/2 to 4 inches, at an...
- The Basic Fossae
- There is no external sign to indicate the situation of the fossae of the skull. In general, however, it may be said that the anterior fossa extends as far back as the anterior end of the zygoma; that...
- The Supra-Orbital, Infra-Orbital, And Mental Foramina
- Fig. III, V, 1-3. At the junction of the inner and middle thirds of the supra-orbital margin, the supra-orbital notch or foramen may be felt, and a line drawn downwards from this foramen through the i...
- The Triangles Of The Neck
- The lateral aspect of the neck is divided by the sterno-mastoid muscle into two triangles—anterior and posterior. The anterior triangle is bounded in front by the middle line of the neck, behind by th...
- The Vessels And Nerves
- The carotid arteries correspond in direction to a line from the sterno-clavicular joint to the hollow (Fig. III, 9.) between the angle of the jaw and the mastoid process. The common carotid usually bi...
- The Superficial Cervical Plexus
- Take a point midway along the posterior border of the sterno-mastoid muscle, and from this point draw three lines: 1. Upwards towards the lobe of the ear = the great auricular nerve (2 and 3 C). ...
- The Brachial Plexus
- The upper limit of the nerve-(Fig. III, 17., Fig. IV, 7.) trunks which form this plexus is represented by a line drawn from the mid-point between the anterior and posterior borders of the sterno-masto...
- Chapter II. The Upper Extremity
- In this chapter, and in that on the lower extremity, the reader's attention is mainly directed to those bony prominences and muscular or tendinous elevations which lie in the region of the joints, sin...
- The Axilla
- To examine this space, the elbow should be supported, and the patient instructed to relax all muscles. The anterior wall is formed by the major and minor pectoral muscles, and by the costo-coracoid me...
- The Region Of The Wrist And Hand
- Two tendons only are conspicuous at the front of the wrist (Fig. X, 2,1.)—the palmaris longus in the middle line, and the flexor carpi radialis to the outer side of the palmaris longus. The flexor car...
- The Flexor Synovial Sheaths
- The flexor longus pollicis, the flexor sublimis and the flexor profundus digitorum all pass beneath the anterior annular ligament. Fig. XI. In this situation the flexor sublimis consists of four te...
- Vessels, Etc., Of The Upper Extremity
- The axillary artery extends from the outer border of the first rib to the lower margin of the teres major muscle. (Fig. VI, 5.) When the arm is held out at right angles to the long axis of the body...
- The Shoulder And Arm
- The musculo-cutaneous nerve usually pierces the inner aspect of the coraco-brachialis muscle about 1 to 2 inches below the coracoid process. It then runs downwards and outwards, deep to the biceps mus...
- The Median Nerve In The Arm
- This nerve accompanies the brachial artery, (Fig. VI, 11.) and therefore presents a similar surface marking. It is necessary, however, to bear in mind that the nerve crosses the artery superficially f...
- Chapter III. The Thorax
- The majority of the thoracic viscera are depicted on the surface in relation to the costal cartilages, ribs and intercostal spaces, and it is therefore necessary to lay stress on certain important poi...
- The Valves Of The Heart
- 1. The pulmonary valve is situated at the highest level, and lies opposite the upper border of the third costal cartilage, close to its junction with the sternum. (Fig. XV, 9.) 2. The aortic valve ...
- The Pleura And Lungs
- The Pleural Sacs When the shoulders are depressed, (Fig. XVI, 5.) the two clavicles lie practically at right angles to the long axis of the body, (Fig. XVII, 4.) and in this position the apices of ...
- The Fissures Of The Lungs
- The main fissure of each lung is indicated by a curved line which starts behind at the level of the second dorsal spine, (Fig. XVI, 7., Fig. XVII, 6.)the apex of the main lower lobe of each lung, ther...
- The Apices Of The Upper And Lower Lobes
- It will be here in place to again lay stress on the fact that the apex of the upper main lobe lies about 1 inch above the clavicle in the supraclavicular fossa, under cover of the clavicular head of a...
- The Areas Of Deep And Superficial Cardiac Dulness
- 1. The area of deep cardiac dulness, quadrate in form, corresponds to the complete area already mapped out as representing the projection of the heart on to the anterior aspect of the chest wall. (Fig...
- The Trachea And Bronchi
- The trachea, 4 1/2 inches long, (Fig. XVI, 1.) commences immediately below the cricoid cartilage, on a level with the sixth cervical vertebra, and passing downwards through the superior mediastinum, b...
- Chapter IV. The Abdomen
- The anterior aspect of the trunk (i.e; thorax and abdomen, Fig. XVIII,3.) is divisible into right and left halves by a median vertical plane from the middle point at the suprasternal notch above to th...
- Other Transverse Planes, With Their Corresponding Vertebral Levels
- (a) The suprasternal plane, on a level with the disc between the second and third dorsal vertebrae. (b) Ludwig's plane (junction of manubrium and gladiolus), on a level with the disc between the fo...
- The Iliac Spines And Crest
- When the body is in the dorsal recumbent position, Figs. XXII, XXIII. the anterior superior iliac spine is usually visible to the eye, and no palpation is needful in order to fix its position. In the ...
- The Inguinal Canal
- In the adult this canal is about 1 1/2 inches long, (Fig. XX, 19.) and extends from the internal to the external abdominal rings. (Fig. XX, 17.) The internal abdominal ring, a funnel-shaped prolong...
- The Alimentary Canal
- The Stomach Capacity about 2 pints. The cardiac orifice lies opposite the eleventh dorsal vertebra, (Fig. XIX, 2) and is situated about 4 inches away from the surface. It corresponds in position to...
- The Pancreas
- The head of the pancreas occupies the concavity of the duodenal loop, (Fig. XIX, 4.)the body crossing the middle line at the level of the first and second lumbar vertebras, and occupying, therefore, t...
- The Vermiform Appendix
- (Fig. XIX, 9.) The opening of the appendix into the caecum is situated just below and internal to the junction of the right lateral vertical and intertubercular planes, at the top right-hand corner of...
- The Ureters
- (Length, 10 inches). (Fig. XV, 33.) The ureter passes nearly vertically downwards from the hilum of the kidney (just below and internal to the junction of the transpyloric and lateral vertical plan...
- Abdominal Vessels
- The Abdominal Aorta (Fig. XV, 24.) The thoracic aorta enters the abdominal cavity by passing beneath the middle arcuate ligament of the diaphragm at the level of the twelfth dorsal vertebra. The ve...
- The Liver
- The anterior border can be mapped out by drawing a curved line from a point in the fifth left interspace 3 1/2 inches from the middle line (the position of the apex of the heart), (Fig. XX, 2.) the li...
- The Common Bile-Duct, Etc
- The gastro-hepatic omentum, (Fig. XIX, 16.) passing upwards from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the transverse fissure of the liver, presents a free edge, which looks downwards and to the righ...
- The Spinal Cord
- The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra(transpyloric plane). (Fig. VII, 5., Fig. XVII, 2.) The cord follows the curves of the vertebral colu...
- (A) The Genital Area
- In the male, this area is divided into two lateral triangles by the median antero-posterior prominence of the bulb of the penis (corpus spongiosum). The two crura of the penis (corpora cavernosa) dive...
- (B) The Rectal Area
- This area is divided into two lateral parts by a line drawn from the central point of the perineum to the tip of the coccyx, and the examining fingers may, in thin subjects, be made to sink deeply ...
- Chapter V. The Lower Extremity
- The pubic spine, the iliac crest, the anterior and posterior superior iliac spines, and the iliac tubercles have all been previously alluded to and located. It has also been stated that a line uniting...
- Bryant's Triangle
- (Fig. XXIII, 4.) When the patient is in the dorsal recumbent position, draw a line round the body at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine, and from this line drop a perpendicular to the top ...
- The Region Of The Knee
- The biceps tendon forms the upper and outer boundary of the popliteal space, (Fig. XXI, 15.) and under cover of this tendon, on its inner or popliteal aspect, a cord-like structure is felt, the extern...
- The Ankle And Foot
- (Fig. XXVII, 1,2.) The external malleolus projects about 1 inch below the internal, and also lies on a more posterior plane. The ankle-joint corresponds in level to a point about 1/2 inch above the ti...
- The Anterior Annular Ligament Of The Ankle
- (Fig. XXVI, 3.) The upper portion of this ligament, about 1 inch broad, extends transversely across the ankle from tibia to fibula. It presents two compartments only, one for the tibialis anticus, (Fi...
- The Vessels And Nerves Of The Lower Extremity
- The gluteal artery emerges from the great sacro-sciatic notch, (Fig. XXI, 10.) above the pyriformis muscle, at the junction of the inner and middle thirds of a line drawn from the posterior superior i...
- The Common And Superficial Femoral Arteries
- With the thigh flexed, everted, and slightly abducted, these vessels correspond in direction to a line drawn from a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis to th...
- The Anterior Tibial Artery
- (Fig. XXII, 19., Fig. XXIII, 14.) The course of this vessel may be indicated by a line drawn from a point just below the level of the tibial tubercle, and midway between the outer tuberosity of the ti...
- Appendix
- The Length Of Various Passages, Tubes, Etc The spinal cord, 16 to 18 inches. The trachea, 4 1/2 inches. The right bronchus, 1 inch. The left bronchus, 1 1/2 to 2 inches. The pharynx, 4 ...
- The Tibia And Fibula
- 1 centre for the shaft of the tibia in the seventh week (i.u.l.). 1 centre for the shaft of the fibula in the eighth week (i.u.l.). 1 centre for the upper end of the tibia in the first year-unio...
